Responses to deficit irrigation (DI) throughout the fruit-growing season were studied in 'Conference' pear grafted onto quince M-A rootstock and grown in large containers. The treatments were (1) ...full irrigation (FI), (2) DI during Stage I of fruit growth (DI-Stage I), and (3) DI during Stage II of fruit growth (DI-Stage II). Four whole trees were sampled before Stage I and from all treatments at the end of Stage I, end of Stage II (fruit harvest), and before leaf fall. There was less discrimination against super(13)CO sub(2) in DI leaves, indicative of reduced photosynthetic capacity. DI treated trees had lower starch content in branches and trunks but root starch concentration was the same between DI- and FI-treated trees. Compared to FI-treated trees, leaf, shoot, branch, and trunk dry biomass was reduced by 34, 50, 37, and 32 %, respectively, in DI-Stage I and by 45, 73, 37, and 22 % in DI-Stage II. Root growth was not affected by DI. Trees had limited capacity for storing starch in roots. Recovery of the aboveground starch concentration for DI treatments occurred within 1 month after rewatering but total starch content never recovered.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Rosaceae (the rose family) is an economically important family that includes species prized for high-value fruits and ornamentals. The family also exhibits diverse fruit types, including drupe ...(peach), pome (apple), drupetum (raspberry), and achenetum (strawberry). Phylogenetic analysis and ancestral fruit-type reconstruction suggest independent evolutionary paths of multiple fleshy fruit types from dry fruits. A recent whole genome duplication in the Maleae Pyreae tribe (with apple, pear, hawthorn, and close relatives; referred to as Maleae here) may have contributed to the evolution of pome fruit. MADS-box genes, known to regulate floral organ identity, are emerging as important regulators of fruit development. The differential competence of floral organs to respond to fertilization signals may explain the different abilities of floral organs to form fleshy fruit. Future comparative genomics and functional studies in closely related Rosaceae species with distinct fruit types will test hypotheses and provide insights into mechanisms of fleshy fruit diversity. These efforts will be facilitated by the wealth of genome data and resources in Rosaceae.
Polylepis cuadrijuga is an endemic woody species from the Colombian Eastern range, being the only tree species with capacity to live on mountainous environments beyond 4000m of altitude. Grazing and ...agriculture have transformed at least 30% of the Guantiva-La Rusia region, turning continuous extensions of high Andean forest in a fragmented landscape, and P. cuadrijuga remnants have become smaller and more isolated. The aim of this study was to establish the environmental differences between a matrix of grazing pastures and the interior of fragments, to evaluate the physiological responses of P. cuadrijuga and determining the edge effect. Air temperature and humidity, soil water holding capacity and photosynthetic active radiation, were measured along two 50x2m transects from the matrix toward the center of fragment. Six trees inside the transects were chosen in each one of three sites (matrix, edge and interior) to measure the index chlorophyll content and to sample leaves to assess the leaf area, leaf biomass, specific leaf area, anatomy, health condition and pubescence. Results showed significantly differences between the matrix and the interior and intermediate conditions in the edge. Radiation, temperature and air desiccation were higher in the matrix than in the interior, submitting P. cuadrijuga trees to a stressing environment, where they presented stratification of epidermis and palisade parenchyma, and a higher leaf area, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content and pubescence than in the interior of fragments. All these physiological traits allow avoiding the photoxidation and damages by freezing or desiccation to which trees are exposed in a grazing pasture matrix. Nevertheless, there was a higher frequency of healthy leaves in the interior of fragments, showing that high irradiations and extreme air temperature and humidity reach adversely affect to P. cuadrijuga. Individuals in the edge had ecophysiological traits similar to the matrix ones, which confirm an edge effect that could penetrate 17m inside the fragments. We conclude that P. cuadrijuga is a plastic species, able to overcome the stress conditions from anthropogenic transformations, species able to be used in high Andean forest restoration programs.
Utilizing aerial parts and even the root of medicinal plant, followed by making a brewed juice is common among the native people of the region where the plant of quince grows naturally as a ...self-growing plant. Therefore, toxic metal ions should be carefully monitored. A. triphylla plant that has mere medicinal application was analyzed. After the addition of Sapropel to the root of its leaf, essential sample was prepared through wet method, then the amount of metal ions was determined applying Flame atomic absorption technique. The results of measurements are as follows: Mn(161.70 dry mg/kg) and Fe(123.80 dry mg/kg) in plant another sample of leaves which possesses 75 mu m particles, was analyzed as pills of dried product by means of XRF technique and the results are identifying and defining the quantities of Sr (237.20 dry mg/kg) and Na2O (0.57 dry mg/kg) in plant. The soil of growing place was carried out for percentage of humic substances.
The draft genome of the pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) using a combination of BAC-by-BAC and next-generation sequencing is reported. A 512.0-Mb sequence corresponding to 97.1% of the estimated genome ...size of this highly heterozygous species is assembled with 194× coverage. High-density genetic maps comprising 2005 SNP markers anchored 75.5% of the sequence to all 17 chromosomes. The pear genome encodes 42,812 protein-coding genes, and of these, ~28.5% encode multiple isoforms. Repetitive sequences of 271.9 Mb in length, accounting for 53.1% of the pear genome, are identified. Simulation of eudicots to the ancestor of Rosaceae has reconstructed nine ancestral chromosomes. Pear and apple diverged from each other ~5.4-21.5 million years ago, and a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event must have occurred 30-45 MYA prior to their divergence, but following divergence from strawberry. When compared with the apple genome sequence, size differences between the apple and pear genomes are confirmed mainly due to the presence of repetitive sequences predominantly contributed by transposable elements (TEs), while genic regions are similar in both species. Genes critical for self-incompatibility, lignified stone cells (a unique feature of pear fruit), sorbitol metabolism, and volatile compounds of fruit have also been identified. Multiple candidate SFB genes appear as tandem repeats in the S-locus region of pear; while lignin synthesis-related gene family expansion and highly expressed gene families of HCT, C3'H, and CCOMT contribute to high accumulation of both G-lignin and S-lignin. Moreover, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism is a key pathway for aroma in pear fruit.
Abstract
Background
Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (
Lhcb
) play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and the response to abiotic stress in higher plants. Previous studies ...have reported that
Lhcb
genes were involved in the phytochrome regulation and responded to different light and temperature conditions in Poaceae (such as maize). However, the evolution and functions of
Lhcb
genes remains poorly characterized in important Rosaceae species.
Results
In this investigation, we conducted a genome-wide analysis and identified a total of 212
Lhcb
genes across nine Rosaceae species. Specifically, we found 23
Lhcb
genes in
Fragaria vesca
, 20 in
Prunus armeniaca
, 33 in
Malus domestica ‘Gala’
, 21 in
Prunus persica
, 33 in
Rosa chinensis
, 29 in
Pyrus bretschneideri
, 18 in
Rubus occidentalis
, 20 in
Prunus mume
, and 15 in
Prunus salicina
. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the
Lhcb
gene family could be classified into seven major subfamilies, with members of each subfamily sharing similar conserved motifs. And, the functions of each subfamily was predicted based on the previous reports from other species. The Lhcb proteins were highly conserved within their respective subfamilies, suggesting similar functions. Interestingly, we observed similar peaks in
Ks
values (0.1–0.2) for
Lhcb
genes in apple and pear, indicating a recent whole genome duplication event (about 30 to 45 million years ago). Additionally, a few
Lhcb
genes underwent tandem duplication and were located across all chromosomes of nine species of Rosaceae. Furthermore, the analysis of the
cis
-acting elements in the 2000 bp promoter region upstream of the pear
Lhcb
gene revealed four main categories: light response correlation, stress response correlation, hormone response correlation, and plant growth. Quantitative expression analysis demonstrated that
Lhcb
genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns and responded differently to low-temperature stress in Rosaceae species.
Conclusions
These findings shed light on the evolution and phylogeny of
Lhcb
genes in Rosaceae and highlight the critical role of Lhcb in pear’s response to low temperatures. The results obtained provide valuable insights for further investigations into the functions of
Lhcb
genes in Rosaceae, and these functional genes will be used for further fruit tree breeding and improvement to cope with the current climate changes.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cerasus sachalinensis is widely used in cool regions as a sweet cherry rootstock and is known for its sensitivity to soil waterlogging and waterlogging stress. However, the limited availability of ...Cerasus genomic resources has considerably restricted the exploration of its waterlogging response mechanism. To understand its reaction to short-term waterlogging, we analyzed the physiology and transcriptomes of C. sachalinensis roots in response to different waterlogging durations.
In this study, 12,487 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from Cerasus sachalinensis roots under different waterlogging durations. Carbon metabolism and energy maintenance formed the first coping mechanism stage of C. sachalinensis in response to low oxygen conditions. Root energy processes, including root respiration and activities of the fermentation enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenase, showed unique changes after 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h of waterlogging exposure. Ribonucleic acid sequencing was used to analyze transcriptome changes in C. sachalinensis roots treated with 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h of waterlogging stress. After de novo assembly, 597,474 unigenes were recognized, of which 355,350 (59.47%) were annotated. To identify the most important pathways represented by DEGs, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were used to compare these genes. The first stage of root reaction to waterlogging stress was activation of carbohydrate metabolism to produce more glucose and maintain energy levels. At 3 h, the glycolytic and fermentation pathways were activated to maintain adenosine triphosphate production. At 24 h, pathways involved in the translation of proteins were activated to further assist the plant in tolerating waterlogging stress. These findings will facilitate a further understanding of the potential mechanisms of plant responses to waterlogging at physiological and transcriptome levels.
Carbon metabolism and energy maintenance formed the first coping mechanism C. sachalinensis in response to low oxygen conditions, and they may be responsible for its short-term waterlogging response. Our study not only provides the assessment of genomic resources of Cerasus but also paves the way for probing the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the short-term waterlogging response in C. sachalinensis.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Prunus mume (mei), which was domesticated in China more than 3,000 years ago as ornamental plant and fruit, is one of the first genomes among Prunus subfamilies of Rosaceae been sequenced. Here, we ...assemble a 280M genome by combining 101-fold next-generation sequencing and optical mapping data. We further anchor 83.9% of scaffolds to eight chromosomes with genetic map constructed by restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing. Combining P. mume genome with available data, we succeed in reconstructing nine ancestral chromosomes of Rosaceae family, as well as depicting chromosome fusion, fission and duplication history in three major subfamilies. We sequence the transcriptome of various tissues and perform genome-wide analysis to reveal the characteristics of P. mume, including its regulation of early blooming in endodormancy, immune response against bacterial infection and biosynthesis of flower scent. The P. mume genome sequence adds to our understanding of Rosaceae evolution and provides important data for improvement of fruit trees.
Phytochemical profiles (phenolic compounds, l-ascorbic acid, antioxidant and PPO activities) of 13 different quince varieties and 5 genotypes were studied. Polyphenols were identified by ...LC-PDA-QTof/MS and quantified by UPLC-PDA and UPLC-FL. A total of 26 polyphenolic compounds found in quince tissues were identified and presented: 9 flavan-3-ols ((−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, 3 procyanidin dimers and trimers, and 1 tetramer); 8 hydroxycinnamates, derivatives of caffeoylquinic and coumaroylquinic acid; and 9 kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. The content of total polyphenols was between 1709.43 (genotype ‘S1’) and 3436.56 mg/100 g dry weight (‘Leskovač’). Flavan-3-ols, which are the major class of quince polyphenols, represented between 78 and 94% of the total polyphenolic compounds. The activity of PPO enzyme ranged from 709.85 to 1284.59 ΔU/min, and that of l-ascorbic acid ranged from 5.86 to 26.42 mg/100 g. Some quince varieties and their products characterized by a higher content of phenolic compounds may be selected to promote their positive effect on health.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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