Summary
Double flowers with supernumerary petals have been selected by humans for their attractive appearance and commercial value in several ornamental plants, including Prunus persica (peach), a ...recognized model for Rosaceae genetics and genomics. Despite the relevance of this trait, knowledge of the underlying genes is limited. Of two distinct loci controlling the double‐flower phenotype in peach, we focused on the dominant Di2 locus. High‐resolution linkage mapping in five segregating progenies delimited Di2 to an interval spanning 150 858 bp and 22 genes, including Prupe.6G242400 encoding an euAP2 transcription factor. Analyzing genomic resequencing data from single‐ and double‐flower accessions, we identified a deletion spanning the binding site for miR172 in Prupe.6G242400 as a candidate variant for the double‐flower trait, and we showed transcript expression for both wild‐type and deleted alleles. Consistent with the proposed role in controlling petal number, Prupe.6G242400 is expressed in buds at critical times for floral development. The indelDi2 molecular marker designed on this sequence variant co‐segregated with the phenotype in 621 progenies, accounting for the dominant inheritance of the Di2 locus. Further corroborating the results in peach, we identified a distinct but similar mutation in the ortholog of Prupe.6G242400 in double‐flower roses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these two genes belong to a TARGET OF EAT (TOE)‐type clade not represented in Arabidopsis, indicating a divergence of gene functions between AP2‐type and TOE‐type factors in Arabidopsis and other species. The identification of orthologous candidate genes for the double‐flower phenotype in two important Rosaceae species provides valuable information to understand the genetic control of this trait in other major ornamental plants.
Significance Statement
We used peach as a model to gain insight into the molecular basis of double flowers, an important trait in many ornamental plants. We propose that a deletion causes a TOE‐type transcription factor to escape miR172‐mediated repression, in turn resulting in an increased number of petals, as corroborated by results on the orthologous gene in rose.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Molecular mechanisms regulating the flowering process have been extensively studied in model annual plants; in perennials, however, understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling flowering has ...just started to emerge. Here we review the current state of flowering research in perennial plants of the rose family (Rosaceae), which is one of the most economically important families of horticultural plants. Strawberry (Fragaria spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), and apple (Malus spp.) are used to illustrate how photoperiod and temperature control seasonal flowering in rosaceous crops. We highlight recent molecular studies which have revealed homologues of TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) to be major regulators of both the juvenile to adult, and the vegetative to reproductive transitions in various rosaceous species. Additionally, recent advances in understanding of the regulation of TFL1 are discussed.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Pollination is an ecosystem function of global importance. Yet, who visits the flower of specific plants, how the composition of these visitors varies in space and time and how such variation ...translates into pollination services are hard to establish. The use of DNA barcodes allows us to address ecological patterns involving thousands of taxa that are difficult to identify. To clarify the regional variation in the visitor community of a widespread flower resource, we compared the composition of the arthropod community visiting species in the genus Dryas (mountain avens, family Rosaceae), throughout Arctic and high‐alpine areas. At each of 15 sites, we sampled Dryas visitors with 100 sticky flower mimics and identified specimens to Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) using a partial sequence of the mitochondrial COI gene. As a measure of ecosystem functioning, we quantified variation in the seed set of Dryas. To test for an association between phylogenetic and functional diversity, we characterized the structure of local visitor communities with both taxonomic and phylogenetic descriptors. In total, we detected 1,360 different BINs, dominated by Diptera and Hymenoptera. The richness of visitors at each site appeared to be driven by local temperature and precipitation. Phylogeographic structure seemed reflective of geological history and mirrored trans‐Arctic patterns detected in plants. Seed set success varied widely among sites, with little variation attributable to pollinator species richness. This pattern suggests idiosyncratic associations, with function dominated by few and potentially different taxa at each site. Taken together, our findings illustrate the role of post‐glacial history in the assembly of flower‐visitor communities in the Arctic and offer insights for understanding how diversity translates into ecosystem functioning.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•52 Gα subunit genes were identified in eight Rosaceae species, and phylogenetic, conserved motif, and structural characteristics implied their functional similarity and specificity.•Purifying ...selection has played a key role in the evolution of Gα subunit genes.•Expression analysis reveals diverse expression patterns and might play a key role in response to heat stress.•Gα subunit genes were shown to be located in the plasma membrane and nucleus in pear.
The Gα subunit is an important component of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex and an integral component of several signal transduction pathways. It plays crucial roles in the diverse processes of plant growth and development, including the response to abiotic stress, regulation of root development, involvement in stomatal movement, and participation in hormone responses, which have been well investigated in many species. However, no comprehensive analysis has identified and explored the evolution, expression pattern characteristics and heat stress response of the Gα subunit genes in Rosaceae. In this study, 52 Gα subunit genes were identified in eight Rosaceae species; these genes were divided into three subfamilies (I, II, and III) based on their phylogenetic, conserved motif, and structural characteristics. Whole genome and dispersed duplication events were found to have contributed significantly to the expansion of the Gα subunit gene family, and purifying selection to have played a key role in the evolution of Gα subunit genes. An expression analysis identified some PbrGPA genes that were highly expressed in leaf, root, and fruit, and exhibited diverse spatiotemporal expression models in pear. Under abiotic stress conditions, the mRNA transcript levels of PbrGPA genes were up-regulated in response to high temperature treatment in leaves. Furthermore, three Gα subunit genes were shown to be located in the plasma membrane and nucleus in pear. In conclusion, the study of the Gα subunit gene family will help us to better understand its evolutionary history and expression patterns, while facilitating further investigations into the function of the Gα subunit gene in response to heat stress.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The process of fruit ripening involves many chemical changes occurring not only in the mesocarp but also in the epicarp, including changes in the triterpenoid content of fruit cuticular waxes that ...can modify the susceptibility to pathogens and mechanical properties of the fruit surface. The aim of the study was the determination of the ripening-related changes in the triterpenoid content of fruit cuticular waxes of three plant species from the Rosaceae family, including rugosa rose (
), black chokeberry (
var. "Galicjanka") and apple (
var. "Antonovka"). The triterpenoid and steroid content in chloroform-soluble cuticular waxes was determined by a GC-MS/FID method at four different phenological stages. The profile of identified compounds was rather similar in selected fruit samples with triterpenoids with ursane-, oleanane- and lupane-type carbon skeletons, prevalence of ursolic acid and the composition of steroids. Increasing accumulation of triterpenoids and steroids, as well as the progressive enrichment of the composition of these compounds in cuticular wax during fruit development, was observed. The changes in triterpenoid content resulted from modifications of metabolic pathways, particularly hydroxylation and esterification, that can alter interactions with complementary functional groups of aliphatic constituents and lead to important changes in fruit surface quality.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Cydonia oblonga Mill., a traditional Uighur medicine, led to the isolation of seven undescribed and nine known megastigmane glycosides. Their structures ...including absolute configurations were characterized by an extensive analysis of spectroscopic data including HRESIMS and NMR, combined with ECD calculations. Additionally, compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6–16 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the secretion of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with inhibitory rates of 10.79%–44.58% at 20 μM.
Seven undescribed megastigmane glycosides along with nine known analogues were isolated from the fruits of Cydonia oblonga Mill. Several compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity. Display omitted
•Sixteen megastigmane glycosides were isolated from Cydonia oblonga.•Seven previously undescribed megastigmane glycosides were included.•Several compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Species belonging to
section
(Rosaceae) are mainly distributed in East Asia, and represent recently diverged lineages within the genus. Over decades, inferring phylogenetic relationships within ...section
have been exceptional challenges, due to short branch lengths and low support values. Of approximately 36 species in the section
,
,
and
are widely distributed in the Sino-Japanese floristic region. In this study, we assembled chloroplast genomes of these three species to compare the genomic features within section
, and to compare with other infrageneric groups. We found that three
sect.
species had lost
genes with pseudogenization, and they were almost identical to each other. Two protein-coding gene regions (
and
) and five non-coding regions (5'
-
,
-
-
,
-
,
-
and
-
) were identified as being highly informative markers. Within three section
chloroplast genomes, 85 simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs were detected, of which at least 13 motifs were identified to be effective markers. The phylogenetic relationships of
,
and
could not be resolved, even with chloroplast genome-wide data. This study reveals the chloroplast genomic data of
sect.
, and it provides valuable markers for DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analyses for further studies.
Total polyphenols and flavonoids content, phenolics profile by HPLC, and antioxidant activity of ten fruit beer produced adding fruits during the fermentation process were analyzed. The fruits were: ...cherry, raspberry, peach, apricot, grape, plum, orange and apple. Antioxidant activity, total polyphenols and flavonoids content were considerably higher in most of the fruit beers in respect to conventional, no-fruit beers. Cherries beers exhibit the highest values, followed by grape, plum and orange beers. An enrichment was observed in catechin and quercetin content in all fruit beers examined. Myricetin and resveratrol were also detected in most of the fruit beers. Among phenolic acids, an enrichment in chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, p-coumaric and caffeic acids was measured in most of the fruit beers in respect to conventional beers. Our findings show that fruits addition during the fermentation process considerably increased the antioxidant activity of beer and qualitatively and quantitatively improved its phenolics profile.
•Fruits addition affects antioxidant activity and phenolics content of beer.•Fruits beers showed stronger antioxidant activity compared to conventional non-fruits beers.•Higher content of bioactive compounds was measured in fruits beers in respect to non-fruits beers.•Cherries, grape, plum and orange beers had the highest phenolics level and antioxidant activity.•Catechin, quercetin, myricetin, resveratrol and chlorogenic acids were detected in fruits beers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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