Students have been highly vulnerable to mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, and researchers have shown that perceived stress and mental health problems have increased during the ...pandemic. The aim of this study was to reveal the prevalence of perceived stress and mental health among students during the pandemic and to explore predictors of stress levels. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 358 undergraduates from 14 universities in Turkey, including 200 female students (56%). The measurements used in the study were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Perception of COVID Impact on Student Well-Being (CI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Physical Activity Scale (PA), and a sociodemographic survey. Students reported high perceived stress, mild generalized anxiety, and low satisfaction with life. More than half of the students met the diagnostic criteria of GAD (52%) and depression (63%). Female and physically inactive students had higher PSS-10 levels. A hierarchical linear regression model showed that after controlling for gender and negative CI, anxiety and physical inactivity significantly predicted high perceived stress. The study shows that students' mental health during the pandemic is at high risk.
The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a commonly used life satisfaction scale. Cross-cultural researchers use SWLS to compare mean scores of life satisfaction across countries. Despite the wide ...use of SWLS in cross-cultural studies, measurement invariance of SWLS has rarely been investigated, and previous studies showed inconsistent findings. Therefore, we examined the measurement invariance of SWLS with samples collected from 26 countries. To test measurement invariance, we utilized three measurement invariance techniques: (a) multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), (b) multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (ML-CFA), and (c) alignment optimization methods. The three methods demonstrated that configural and metric invariances of life satisfaction held across 26 countries, whereas scalar invariance did not. With partial invariance testing, we identified that the intercepts of Items 2, 4, and 5 were noninvariant. Based on two invariant intercepts, factor means of countries were compared. Chile showed the highest factor mean; Spain and Bulgaria showed the lowest. The findings enhance our understanding of life satisfaction across countries, and they provide researchers and practitioners with practical guidance on how to conduct measurement invariance testing across countries.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
This is the first study of urban-rural happiness gradient using multi-item Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). A new finding is that urbanites fail especially on “If I could live my life over, I ...would change almost nothing”–urban way of life tends to result in regrets. Effect sizes of urbanicity on subjective wellbeing (SWB) are substantial–about half of health–living in a metro depresses one's happiness as much as going half way from fair health to poor health, for instance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is widely used to assess global satisfaction with life. Although the scale’s psychometric properties were extensively investigated through different methods, ...Rasch analysis can provide further insight into the scale’s targeting and sensitivity across the different levels of the underlying construct. It also allows researchers to evaluate how well a scale fits the assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence of the items, how the response categories are used, and whether differential item functioning occurs in different demographic groups. In this study, Rasch analysis was used to examine the psychometric properties of the SWLS among participants from South Africa (
n
= 676) and Italy (
n =
516). Findings showed that the scale was insensitive at high levels of life satisfaction. Since the majority of the participants reported high scores, these results suggest that the SWLS may not be sensitive to detect change in the general population. Although support was provided to the scale’s unidimensional factor structure, a distinction emerged between items referring to satisfaction with present and past life. No group difference in item functioning was detected for country, gender, age group, or education level. However, findings suggest that using fewer response categories with less nuanced lower level descriptors could be more appropriate, especially for the South African sample. Overall, results highlight the need for further research on the SWLS, especially concerning insensitivity at the upper range.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used instrument which makes it possible to assess an important component of subjective well-being, even among children and adolescents. ...Nevertheless, to date its psychometric properties have not been tested in young French speakers. The goal of this study is to test the factorial structure and the age, gender and time-related invariance of the French adaptation of the SWLS in children and adolescents. Data were collected from 557 students aged 8 to 16 years (301 girls and 256 boys), including 295 who completed the SWLS twice at a one-year-interval. The results provided support for the unidimensional structure of the scale as well as its age, gender and time-related invariance. Thus, the French adaptation of the SWLS can be used with children and adolescents in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies for comparisons across gender, time and age groups.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Tourism-led migrants' relocation in pursuit of well-being has become a global research topic. Scholars have established and applied various scales to measure subjective well-being (SWB). Yet studies ...have tended to use single SWB scales based on a certain case area and a particular subset of tourism-led migrants. Such specificity has hindered a comprehensive understanding of well-being. In this paper, multiple measures were adopted to assess tourism-led migrants' SWB. Measures' reliability and validity were also compared using samples of retirement migrants and tourism entrepreneurial migrants. The measures revealed multiple facets of tourism-led migrants' SWB. The D-T scale exhibited high reliability and validity across samples. Among the three multi-item scales, the MDT scale and SWLS displayed higher reliability and validity than the PNAS. Significant and strong correlations were observed between the D-T scale and the SWLS and between the D-T and MDT scales. Implications and directions for future research are provided.
•This study conducts multiple measures to assess tourism-led migrants' SWB across samples of retirement migrants and tourism entrepreneurial migrants.•Retirement migrants exhibited higher SWB than tourism entrepreneurial migrants in general.•The D-T scale with single item exhibited high reliability and validity across samples.•Among the three multi-item scales, The MDT scale and SWLS displayed higher reliability and validity than the PANAS across samples.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
PurposeIn the modern world, life satisfaction has become a quintessential construct for large-scale organizations, and a valid measure to evaluate employee life satisfaction is required. Therefore, ...this study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) in a sample of employees working in the Indian manufacturing sector.Design/methodology/approachSurvey method was used for data collection among a sample of 404 employees. Further, the psychometric properties of SWLS were evaluated with reference to reliability and validity assessment (face, content and construct validity).FindingsThe results were found to be significant for SWLS to assess the life satisfaction of employees working in manufacturing organizations in India.Originality/valueThis study attempts to validate SWLS among employees, which is a novel contribution in the field. Also, it suggests that effective application of SWLS can help in identifying and understanding the work-related factors associated with life satisfaction.
This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SWBI) in a nationally representative sample in Korea. A ...total of 1200 people completed the semi-structured, self-reported questionnaire, which included five items from the SWLS and 14 items from the SWBI. All items and the total score of both the SWLS and the SWBI showed high internal consistency (with Cronbach's alphas of 0.886 and 0.946, respectively). The item-total correlation values for both measures were in the ranges of 0.71-0.75 and 0.65-0.80, respectively. There were positive correlations between the SWLS and SWBI (
= 0.59,
= 0.01). The SWLS, SWBI and global well-being (GWB) scores were positively correlated with the McGill Quality of Life subscales (
= 0.01) but negatively correlated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (
= 0.01). Participants under 50 years old (adjusted odds ratio aOR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.00-1.69) and those in rural areas (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.28-2.07) had higher scores on the SWLS than other participant groups. Participants who were under 50 years old (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.12-1.92), were male (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.71), were married (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.13-2.01), lived in rural areas (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.35-3.91), or had higher incomes (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02-1.65) showed higher SWBI scores. This study showed that the SLWS and SWBI have good psychometric properties and could be applicable to Korea.
This paper examined measurement invariance (MI), both across gender and over time, of the Satisfaction With Life Scale adapted for Children (SWLS-C). Adapted from the adult SWLS, the SWLS-C is a ...self-report measure for children and adolescents to assess their life satisfaction. The sample comprised elementary school students in British Columbia, Canada (n = 4,026) who responded to the SWLS-C in Grade 4 (M(age) = 9.3, SD = 0.6; 48.9% girls) and approximately 3 years later in Grade 7. We examined MI regarding gender, time, and both gender and time (i.e., interactional invariance) using Clustered Repeated Measures Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a mean- and variance-adjusted weighted least squares (WLSMV) estimation. Residual invariance by gender was supported at Grades 4 and 7; scalar invariance was supported longitudinally for each gender and overall. In the "interactional" model, including gender and time, analyses indicated scalar MI, but not residual MI. Analyses of latent factor means indicated that SWLS-C scores significantly decreased for both girls and boys from Grade 4 to Grade 7. The decrease was more pronounced for girls, but gender differences at either age were not significant. The pattern of observed mean scores differed, as it indicated no significant decrease for boys' SWLS-C scores, but significant gender differences at both time points. However, given the lack of residual invariance, comparisons of observed SWLS-C mean scores across gender and over time may be compromised. The different results for latent and observed mean SWLS-C scores highlight the importance of routinely conducting MI analyses for group comparisons.
Public Significance Statement
Life satisfaction scales are commonly used for group comparisons (e.g., gender) and in program evaluation. This study examined whether a widely used life satisfaction scale validly measures life satisfaction across gender and over time for children aged 9-12.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Bringing up a child with disabilities has particular challenges and demands as these children's disabilities may cause certain impacts on their caregivers' well-being. In most of the studies, ...caregivers exhibited high scores of negative emotions that led to low subjective well-being. The effort to improve caregivers' well-being has been being carried out and one of the ways through subjective well-being research. Diener et al. (2009) define Subjective Well-Being (SWB) as the person’s evaluation of their life events in terms of cognitive and affective aspects. The higher rating score of these aspects, the higher level of SWB of the person. The aspects of SWB could be well measured if the instrument has good psychometric properties. The validity of the instruments is crucial to produce good quality research. In the present study, we examined the construct validity of the SWB using Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) scales. The data was collected from 209 parents who had children with intellectual disability in Tangerang and Jakarta. The construct was validated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in the software R version 3.6.2. The EFA results showed that the construct consisted of four factors: one for the cognitive aspect, one for positive affect, and two for negative affects. The CFA results further demonstrated that this model fitted the empirical data.
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