Agricultural transformation within the Ottoman Empire has been a topic of enduring fascination among historians, resulting in a substantial body of scholarly work. The 'çiftlik debate', which once ...dominated Ottoman historiography and remains a pertinent subject
in contemporary discussions, has given rise to a wealth of literature to understand Ottoman agricultural change. This literature explored the aspects of change in land ownership and regime, production relations, market-oriented character of the production in these çiftliks, vakıf
çiftliks and power relations concerning their management, and the power relations of the çiftlik-holders with the central imperial elites. Nevertheless, there persists a need to bridge gaps in our comprehension of agricultural change by adopting fresh perspectives
on the matter. In this article, we revisit the 'çiftlik debate' by shedding light on the role played by natural factors, particularly the significance of swamps and floods, in the genesis and spread of çiftliks by positioning sheep and sheep farming
at the core of our investigation. This study contends that a comprehensive understanding of Ottoman agricultural transformation necessitates an examination of the intricate interplay between swamps and floods, the topographical features of Mihaliç, burgeoning demand for sheep, the tax
farming system and the relations it creates, the indebtedness relations, and the policies and interests of the state.
Summary The recently emerged CRISPR/Cas9 approach represents an efficient and versatile genome editing tool for producing genetically modified animals. Beta-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) is a key ...enzyme in the progress of beta-carotene metabolism and is associated with yellow adipose tissue color in sheep. We have recently demonstrated targeted multiplex mutagenesis in sheep and have generated a group of BCO2-disrupted sheep by zygote injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 components. Here, we show that biallelic modification of BCO2 resulted in yellow fat, compared with the fat color in monoallelic individuals and wild types (snow-flower white). We subsequently characterized the effects of gene modifications at genetic levels employing sequencing and Western blotting, highlighting the importance of the BCO2 gene for the determination of fat color in sheep. These results indicate that genetic modification via CRISPR/Cas9 holds great potential for validating gene functions as well as for generating desirable phenotypes for economically important traits in livestock.
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