The study of the link between genes controlling protein polymorphism and milk
performance traits of domestic animals has great economic importance from a
selection point of view, as it reduces the ...generation interval, leading to
increased productivity in livestock. The objective of this paper was to
establish the influence of genetic ? -lactoglobulin polymorphism on the
quantity and quality of milk of the simmental breed in Serbi?. For the
research blood samples were taken from a total of 157 Simmental cows. The
genotypes of Simmental cows for ?-lactoblobulin and their effect on
quantitative milk performance traits were determined using the PCR-RFLP
analysis. The variability of traits influenced by the genetic polymorphism
of ?-lactoblobulin was statistically very highly significant (p <0.0001) for
milk yield in standard lactation and milk fat and protein yields, while it
showed no statistically significant variability (p> 0.05) for content of
milk fat and protein. The genotype cows achieved a 121 kg and 338 kg
increase in milk production compared to the BB genotype and AA genotype
cows, respectively.
Features of the genetic structure of the Simmental breed cattle Bodnaruk, V. Y.; Muzyka, L. I.; Kropyvka, Y. G. ...
Naukovij vìsnik Lʹvìvsʹkogo nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu veterinarnoï medicini ta bìotehnologìj ìmenì S.Z. Gžicʹkogo. Serìâ: Sìlʹsʹkogospodarsʹkì nauki,
10/2020, Volume:
22, Issue:
93
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Breeds of farm animals are characterized by the presence of their genetic structure, in particular, the distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies by individual genetic and biochemical ...systems. The purpose of our search was to study the genetic frequencies of polymorphic loci of transferrin (TF), amylase (AM), ceruloplasmin (CR), hemoglobin (HB) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PN) in Simmental cattle and related breeds (Gray Ukrainian and Charolais), as well as to determine the degree of similarity between the expected loci and actual genotypes. As a result of research it was established that the genetic structure of the studied polymorphic loci of the Simmental breed was closer in animals of the Gray Ukrainian breed. In particular, at the locus of transferrin in individuals of the Gray Ukrainian breed there are alleles TF A, TF D1, TF D2 and TF E, whose genetic frequency was in the range of 0.051–0.603. The frequency of the Tf A allele in all studied breeds of cattle had a slight intergroup fluctuations (0.235–0.244), indicating their genetic similarity to this allele. At the locus of transferrin allele Tf D1 of the breed Ukrainian and Charolais were characterized by a lower frequency, however, according to the Tf D2 allele (frequency 0.603 in both breeds), they outperformed the Simmental breed by 11.7 %. The amylase locus in the studied breeds occurs with the alleles AM B and AM C, and with the allele AM A – is absent. The frequency of the AM B allele was highest in animals of the Gray Ukrainian breed, and in the AM C allele in the Charolais breed. It should be noted the high frequency of the AM B allele (0.910) in the Gray Ukrainian breed, which is due to the large number of BB homozygotes. Among the ceruloplasmin locus, the CP A allele had the highest frequency, and the CP B allele had a slightly lower frequency. In the hemoglobin locus, the frequency of HB A allele expression was the highest compared to other polymorphic systems and was in the range of 0.905–1.000. As for the HB B allele, on the contrary, the frequency of its appearance was much lower: in Simmental animals it was 0.095, in the Charolais breed it was 0.059, and in the Gray Ukrainian breed this allele was not observed. Among the alleles of purine nucleoside phosphoryls, the PN L allele was noted with a high frequency (0.697–0.846). The study of genotypes of genetic and biochemical systems of Simmental breed by loci TF, AM, SR, HB and PN shows that the locus TF, which is represented by the largest number of genotypes (10), was marked by a high degree of similarity between expected and actual genotypes with a significant difference (exception – genotype TF EE). The largest number of animals at this locus had the genotypes TF AD2, TF D1 D2 and TF D2 D2 (8 heads in each group), and the smallest – with genotypes TF AA, TF D1 D1, TF D1 E and TF D2 E (1–2 heads each). With the expected genotypes TF AF and TF EE, their real number was not detected, which indicates high heterozygosity. Amylase polymorphism is appeqred only by alleles AM B and AM C. Homozygous for allele B recorded a slightly larger number – in 23 individuals, while homozygous for allele C – only in 3 individuals, which coincides with the expected data in accordance with 21.690 and 1.690. The ceruloplasmin locus is marked by a slightly higher frequency of allele A, due to homo- (CP AA) and heterozygotes (CP AB), which appeared in 15 animals in both groups. Hemoglobin in the Simmental breed, as in most breeds of cattle, is represented mainly by allele A, and homozygotes of the BB allele are absent. Allele B is appeared in small quantities in a heterozygous state – in 4 individuals. The РN locus is appeared by two alleles (L and H), and there are no heterozygotes on the electrophoresis foregrams. There was a high frequency of the L allele of the PN locus, which is characteristic of breeds of the dairy direction of productivity. The PN H allele, which is characterized by high activity, is somewhat less common in Simmentals (only in 6 individuals). Thus, the study of genetic frequencies of the Simmental breed is necessary for the identification and early determination of the level of productivity of animals. Genetic frequencies of polymorphic loci are necessary for selection work with the breed, and can also be used in the breeding process to accelerate the rate of the breeding process. Searches of the genetic structure of the complex of genetic and biochemical systems are necessary for the research and preservation of the gene fund of local and endangered breeds of cattle.
Abstract A study on the study of the qualitative assessment of the behavior of dairy cattle according to the VAS system (visual analog scale) was conducted in the LLP "Agrofirme "AKAS", located in ...the West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to research, it follows that different seasons of time affect the conditions of detention in different ways. So, for the maintenance of cows in the summer, the distance of avoidance at the feeding site according to test 1 and 2 is within 3 meters, whereas in spring and autumn it was 2 meters. The difference between the reference norm and the household ration has been determined, from which it follows that the feeding ration of the farm corresponds to the norm of 12 kg of milk yield per head per day. The vitamin and mineral premix developed by us includes vitamins, minerals, including macro-microelements. The premix also includes components in the following ratio: phosphorus (P) – 5% of monocalcium phosphate, vitamin A – 1.2% of rovimix A 1000, vitamin D3 – 0.64% of rovimix D3, vitamin E – 16% of rovimix E-50, manganese (Mn) – 22.2%, copper (Cu) – 9%, zinc (Zn) – 19%, iodine (I) – 0.28%, selenium (Se) – 7.65 and cobalt (Co) – 0.14%, and feed chalk – 5% and chickpea flour – 13.89% are used as fillers as a source of calcium (Ca).. The average daily milk yield at the beginning of the experiment in both study groups was in the range of 10.6-10.8 kg. At the end of the experiment, the average daily milk yield in animals receiving premix exceeded their peers from the control group by 1.4 kg or 1.6%. According to the chemical composition of milk, the indicators of fat, protein and lactose were higher in the cows of the experimental group compared with the peers of the control group (for fat – 3.92>3.37, for protein – 3.32>3.23, for lactose - 4.16>4.01).
Resumo O estudo sobre a avaliação qualitativa do comportamento do gado leiteiro pelo sistema EVA (escala visual analógica) foi realizado na empresa Agrofirme AKAS LLP, localizada na região Oeste do Cazaquistão, da República do Cazaquistão. De acordo com estudos, diferentes estações do tempo afetam as condições de detenção de maneira diferente. Assim, para a manutenção de vacas no verão, a distância de evitação no local de alimentação, de acordo com os testes 1 e 2, está dentro de 3 metros, enquanto na primavera e no outono era de 2 metros. A diferença entre a norma de referência e a dieta econômica foi determinada, o que significa que a dieta alimentar da fazenda corresponde a uma taxa de 12 kg de produção de leite por cabeça por dia. A pré-mistura de vitaminas e minerais desenvolvida inclui macroelementos. Além disso, a composição da pré-mistura contém componentes na seguinte proporção: fósforo (P), 5% de fosfato monocálcico; vitamina A, 1,2% de Rovimix A1000; vitamina D3, 0,64% de Rovimix D3; vitamina E, 16% de Rovimix E50; manganês (Mn), 22,2%; cobre (Cu), 9%; zinco (Zn), 19%; iodo (I), 0,28%; selênio (Se), 7,65; cobalto (Co), 0,14%, além de 5% de giz forrageiro e 13,89% de farinha de grão-de-bico, usados como fonte de cálcio para enchimentos. A produção diária média para o início da experiência em ambos os grupos estudados foi de 10,6 a 10,8 kg. No final do experimento, a produção diária média dos animais que receberam a pré-mistura excedeu seus pares do grupo controle em 1,4 kg, ou 1,6%. Em termos de composição química do leite, os indicadores de gordura, proteína e lactose foram maiores nas vacas do grupo experimental em comparação com os pares do grupo controle (para gordura, 3,92 > 3,37; para proteína, 3,32 > 3,23; para lactose, 4,16 > 4,01, respectivamente).
The aim of the present study was to obtain relevant results related to the
basic indicators of fertility and milk yield of Simmental cows, in production
conditions on farms of agricultural producers, ...using appropriate mathematical
and statistical procedures, i.e. to determine the influence of bull sires
originating from Serbia, Austria and Germany on the implementation of the
main breeding program and improvement of production traits of Simmental cows
on the territory of Sumadija district. The study of the effect of bull sires
who are originally from Serbia, Austria and Germany on performance traits of
Simmental cows included a total of 303 cows in first three lactations. Milk
production of cows descendents of bulls from the German population was higher
compared with the production of cows originating from Austria in the first
lactation by 58.29 kg and in the third by 67.72 kg, but in the second it was
lower by 12.31 kg. The variability of age at first calving ranged from 766.93
(cows progeny of domestic bulls) to 813.06 days (cows progeny Austrian
bulls). Average duration of service period had the interval of variation of
86.80 in cows from domestic bulls in the third lactation to 109.88 days in
cows originating from Austrian bulls in the first lactation.
Determining the degree of correlation between two or more traits depends to a
large extent on their manifestation. The knowledge of genetic and phenotypic
correlations between body characteristics of ...the animal and product
characteristics can help define the breeding goal, but also to define and
harmonize the assessment criteria. Although the phenotypic and genetic
correlations between the traits of body development and type and the milk
yield show different degrees of variation, they should be taken into account
in the final assessment of the breeding value of the animal so that the
selection programs are more comprehesively defined. The examination of
phenotypic correlations of linear assessment scores of the type, milk and
fertility traits was performed on a total of 303 cows of the Simental breed
in the first three lactations. The examination of phenotypic correlations
included the following milk performance properties in the first three
standard lactations: milk yield, milk fat content, milk fat yield, yield of
4% corrected milk; also fertility traits: age at current calving and service
period in each lactation; while the linear type scoring included a group of
traits: type or frame, muscularity, fundament, udder.
Visual evaluation and recognition of dairy traits of cows are preliminary
indicators of milk yield, longevity, and reproductive ability of the
individual animal, which is very important from the ...aspect of the economics
of milk production. The deficiencies in the fundament traits lead to poor
production, poor health and premature culling of cows from the herd. The
paper examines the frequency of preferred scores of a certain trait in the
first calving heifers according to the housing method (animals reared by
individual agricultural producers and farm animals) and their origin
(domestic and imported animals), as well as the impact of these two factors
on the observed properties. Four fundament traits were analysed: the position
of the hind legs, the development of the hocks/joints, the pastern joints and
the height of the feet on a total of 954 first-calving Simmental heifers.
Observed by the housing method, the higher frequency of the preferred scores
for all of the fundament traits, was achieved by the farm cows, while
according to the origin of the cows, the higher frequency of the preferred
scores for all of the fundament traits was realized by imported animals in
relation to domestic cows. The influence of the factors of the housing method
and origin of animals examined by ?2 test on all the tested linear scores
(frequency of scores) of the fundament traits was statistically very
significant (p?0.001), while the analysis of the variance (F test) determined
high significance (p?0.001) of the interaction between the origin and housing
method on the height of the feet, as well as significant effect (p?0.05) on
the position of the hind legs, while on other linear scores of the fundament
traits it did not exhibit statistical significance (p>0.05).
This study was focused on the estimation of parameters of Wood's model and description of the lactation curve using the cows which were lactated over 24 months on the first lactation.
The database ...included 1,333 pure-bred dairy Simmental primiparous cows which lactated for 24 months (732 days). The initial dataset entering the procedure of assessment of parameters of Wood's function included 35,826 milk yield records. Milk yield was recorded throughout lactation, with the earliest record taken on day 6 and the latest on day 1,348 of lactation. This dataset was used for the assessment of parameters a, b, c of Wood's model using the non-linear statistical procedure. These parameters were estimated for different length of lactation. The assessed parameters were used for calculation of some characteristics of lactation curves.
The lowest value of a parameter (15.2317) of Wood's model of lactation curve was found out in lactations up to 305 days long, contrary to b and c parameters which were highest in those lactations (0.1029 and 0.0015, respectively). The maximum value of a parameter (17.4329) was found out in lactations up to 640 days long, unlike b and c parameters which were minimal in those lactations (0.0603 and 0.0010, respectively).
It can be concluded that the parameters of Wood's model and the shape of lactation curve are changing with the growing number of milk yield records. Also, the assessed parameters revealed a significant milk production potential after 305 days of lactation.
The effect of systematic and continuous environmental factors on 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield in 2805 Simmental cows over whole and standard lactations was evaluated using the general linear ...model. The test systematic or fixed factors included the effect of farm or breeding area, calving season, year of birth, season of birth, lactation group and interactions between year of birth and season of birth, breeding area and calving season, and breeding area and lactation group. The continuous factor analysed was the effect of age at first conception. The effect of breeding area, lactation group and calving season on 4%FCM yield over whole and standard lactations was found to be very highly significant (P<0.001). The interactions of fixed i.e. systematic factors involved in the model, including those between year and season of birth, breeding area and calving season, and farm and lactation group had a very highly significant effect (P<0.001) on 4% FCM yield over both whole and standard lactations. The age at first conception, as a continuous factor, showed a very highly significant effect (P<0.001) on 4% FCM yield over both whole and standard lactations. The model used to correct the 4%FCM yield over whole and standard lactations for the effect of systematic factors was very highly significant (P<0.001). The variance of the model accounted for 15.93% and 21.55% of the total variance in 4% FCM yield over whole and standard lactations, respectively. The resulting coefficient of determination (R2) in 4% FCM yield was 0.159 over whole lactations and 0.216 over standard lactations.
The aim of this paper was to examine the metabolic profile of the blood of cows of the Simmental breed during a production cycle, from two aspects: by season (spring, summer, autumn and winter), and ...by stages of production (1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 of lactation and the dry period). The cows were kept in an intensive system in tie-stall housing, and fed with complete diets, which differed in composition throughout the seasons and stages of production. Blood samples of 10 cows were taken four times during the production cycle (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) in the corresponding production stages (1/3, 2/3, 3/3 of lactation and dry period). They weretaken by puncture of the tail vein. The content of Ca, P, Mg, glucose, urea, total proteins, total cholesterol, AST, bilirubin, and the hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and Cortisol were determined in blood serum of cows. The results obtained from the F - test indicated a statistically highly significant difference (P<0.01) in the contents of P, Mg, glucose, urea, cholesterol and thyroxine, depending on the season. Also, a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found in the content of AST and total proteins. The analysed parameters of the metabolic blood profile, tested with the F - test, indicated that there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in Mg content depending on production stages. Key words: Simmental breed, nutrition, metabolic profile, season, production stage
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