Over the last 15 years, considerable progress has been made in the field of green chemistry, as regards both research aspects and market development. In particular, extraction of erucic acid (C22:1) ...from plants and its industrial applications have received increasing attention. At present, known species producing oils yielding large quantities of erucic acid belong, with few exceptions, to the Brassicaceae family. Among these, the two major sources of erucic acid in the world are HEAR (High Erucic Acid Rapeseed, Brassica napus var. oleifera) and crambe (Crambe abyssinica), both mainly cultivated in the USA. Their cultivation has also recently been considered and extended to Southern Europe, supported by specific research projects. The quantity of erucic acid in Brassicaceae oils ranges greatly, from 55 in Crambe abyssinica to nearly zero in some varieties of Brassica napus var. oleifera. Even more differentiated and peculiar to each species and variety is adaptability to specific climatic and soil conditions. In this regard, the major limitation to the cultivation of some interesting Brassicaceae species, crambe in particular, is their poor tolerance to cold. Among Brassicaceae producing erucic acid, the less frequently cultivated species, such as B. juncea and B. carinata, if grown in areas with relatively mild winters, may give yields of seed and oil similar to the ones of the most productive rapeseed genotypes. Within this framework, in order to achieve high production of erucic acid, it is essential to identify the most productive genotypes, among available species, for each environment. In this report, seed and oil productions of some important Brassicaceae species for extraction of erucic acid, derived from 15 years of field trials in Northern Italy, are discussed in relation to the possibility of Autumn or Spring sowing
Negli ultimi 15 anni sono stati fatti progressi notevoli nel settore della chimica verde, riguardo sia alla ricerca, sia allo sviluppo del mercato. In particolare, l'estrazione dell'acido erucico (C22:1) dalle piante e il suo sfruttamento industriale sono stati oggetto di crescente attenzione. Attualmente, le specie conosciute in grado di produrre quantitativi elevati di acido erucico appartengono, con poche eccezioni, alle Brassicaceae. Fra queste, le due fonti principali di acido erucico sono la HEAR (High Erucic Acid Rapeseed, colza a contenuto elevato di acido erucico, Brassica napus var. oleifera) e la crambe (Crambe abyssinica), ambedue coltivate soprattutto in USA. La loro coltivazione è stata di recente presa in considerazione ed estesa nell'Europa Meridionale, con il sostegno di progetti specifici. Il contenuto di acido erucico nelle Brassicaceae varia notevolmente, dal 55 in Crambe abyssinica a circa 0 in alcune cv di Brassica napus var. oleifera. Anche l'adattabilità a specifiche condizioni pedoclimatiche è differenziata e particolare per ogni specie e varietà. A questo proposito, la principale limitazione alla coltivazione di alcune specie interessanti di Brassicaceae, in particolare crambe, è la scarsa tolleranza al freddo. Fra le Brassicaceae produttrici di acido erucico, le specie meno coltivate, come B. juncea e B. carinata, se coltivate in zone a inverni miti, possono dare rese in seme e olio simili a quelle dei genotipi più produttivi di colza. In questo quadro, allo scopo di ottenere alte produzioni di acido erucico, è essenziale identificare i genotipi più produttivi, nell'ambito delle specie disponibili, per ogni ambiente. In questo contributo sono discusse le produzioni di seme e olio di alcune Brassicaceae importanti per l'estrazione dell'acido erucico, ottenute in 15 anni di prove di campo svolte in Italia Settentrionale, con riferimento alla possibilità di semina autunnale o primaverile.
The paper presents the results of studies conducted over 1995-99 which involved spring rape (Star and Lisonne cultivars) and over 1998-00 which - white mustard (Nakielska and Borowska cultivars) ...grown on experimental plots at Balcyny, of University of Warmia and Mazuria in Olsztyn (Poland). The aim was to evaluate the effect of selected herbicides on phosphorus, potassium and magnesium content in spring rape seeds and phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium content in white mustard seeds. The herbicides applied neither demonstrated a significant effect on the content of the minerals investigated in spring rape seeds nor modified the content of most minerals in mustard seeds, except for sodium and magnesium in the first experiment year and phosphorus in the second year. Throughout the experiment cycle the spring rape cultivars tested differed significantly in the content of magnesium, while white mustard cultivars - only in the content of phosphorus
The studies were carried out at the Agricultural Experimental Station at Pawlowice near Wroc³aw (Poland) in 1998-00. The main aim of the study was to compare the natural reduction of the black bean ...aphid by predators in sugar-beet crop surrounded by strips of mixture of cultivated plants, weedy strips or bare soil.The lowest number of Aphis fabae in sugar beet crop was observed at the plots surrounded by strips of mixture of Sinapis alba, Phacelia tanacetifolia and Coriandrum sativum, and at those surrounded by weedy strips. The greatest number of aphids was recorded on sugar beet plots surrounded by bare soil. The relationships between the pest and its predators were the least stable in bare soil treatment. Significant pressure of predator activity in all treatments was shown in the first several days of the observation
Long-term (2004-2014) investigations carried out in Leningrad region on revealing effective strains of associative rhizobacteria for white and brown mustard were analyzed. The preparations Agrofil ...(Agrobacterium radiobacter, str. 10), Bactosan (Bacillus subtilis, Ch-13), Mizorin (Arthrobacter mysorens, str. 7), and Flavobacterin (Flavobacterium sp., str. L30) were used for seeds inoculation. Maximal increase in growth processes with the use of preparations containing Flavobacterium and Arthrobacter was noticed. The quality of green mass was better, if seeds have been inoculated with associative strains of bacteria. The concentration of total nitrogen in inoculated plants compared to control ones increases by 1.8-23.5%, phosphorus - by 7.1-40.0%, and potassium - by 19.2-62.5%. The application of the most effective for each crop associative rhizobacteria strains highly stimulates physiological processes, increases the biomass of aboveground organs. The best results were obtained from using bacterial products Mizorin and Flavobakterin. Main economic indicators were calculated based on average sale price of dry crop mass (RUR1220 per ton) to estimate the effect and efficiency of white and brown mustard seed inoculation with associative rhizobacteria. Maximal profitability (253.38%) was achieved with the use of Mizorin for brown mustard; this indicator in the control variant was 28.29%.
Проведен анализ многолетних (2004-2014) исследований, выполненных в Ленинградской обл., по выявлению эффективных штаммов ассоциативных ризобактерий для горчицы белой и горчицы сарептской. Инокуляцию семян проводили препаратами Агрофил (Agrobacterium radiobacter, шт. 10), Бактосан (Bacillus subtilis, Ч-13), Мизорин (Arthrobacter mysorens, шт. 7) и Флавобактерин (Flavobacterium sp., шт. Л30). Наибольшее увеличение ростовых процессов (на 12-15%) наблюдалось в вариантах с применением флаво- и артробактерий. При инокуляции семян ассоциативными штаммами бактерий улучшалось качество зеленой массы. Содержание общего азота у инокулированных растений, по сравнению с контролем, возросло на 1,8-23,5%, фосфора - на 7,1-40,0% и калия - на 19,2-62,5%. Применение наиболее эффективных для каждой выращиваемой культуры ассоциативных штаммов ризобактерий в наибольшей степени стимулировало физиологические процессы, увеличивало биомассу надземных органов (в некоторых вариантах – до 66%). Наилучшие результаты получены при использовании Мизорина и Флавобактерина. Для оценки эффекта и эффективности от инокуляции семян горчицы белой и сарептской ассоциативными ризобактериями были рассчитаны основные экономические показатели, исходя из средней цены реализации сухой массы растений - 1 220 руб. за 1 т. Максимальная рентабельность (253,38%) была достигнута при использовании Мизорина на горчице сарептской при значении показателя в контроле 28,29%.
The field experiments were carried out over 1996-98 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture at Mochelek in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz (Poland), on a very good rye complex soil. The ...research covered five non-papilionaceous plant species: white mustard, radish, winter rape, sunflower and tansy phacelia, grown in stubble intercrop after winter wheat. Three plant fertilization variants were used: cattle slurry, wheaten straw with mineral fertilizers added and mineral fertilizers exclusively. The research showed a high potential of non-papilionaceous plants to accumulate macroelements unused by plants cultivated as a forecrop. All the plants accumulated much more nitrogen and potassium in its biomass than the amount of their intake in a form of fertilizers. The substantial part of the matter of the nutrient uptake was accumulated in the overground biomass of plants cultivated in stubble intercrop. The greatest macroelements accumulation potential was recorded for radish
The paper presents the results of organic and mineral fertilization influence on the productivity of crop rotation sequence: potato - spring barley. Two factorial crop rotation experiment with crop ...sequence: potato - spring barley - peas - winter triticale, was carried out in 1997-01. On the basis of 4-years experiment beneficial influence of ploughed in white mustard biomass, on the productivity of examined crop sequence, was stated. The highest potato and spring barley yielding (dry matter and protein) when both: manure and ploughed in forecrop were used
The aim of the study were stable fertilization experiments in which was possible to investigate on different crops the influence of increasing doses of potassium in dependence on soil pH and ...magnesium content. The lower doses of potassium (83 kg K/ha) significantly increased yields of potatoes, spring barley, Italian rye grass, seradella and winter rape of 12 species grown on acid soils. The higher dose of potassium (166 kg K/ha) did not increase yields of any plants. The highest yields of all plants examined, were obtained on plots limed and fertilized with K and Mg
In the paper the results of long-term experiment influence of FYM and mineral nitrogen fertilization on potassium balance and available potassium content in the soil profile are presented. The ...balance of potassium was calculated for two 4-year rotation. In the balance on input side the amount of potassium applied in FYM (and potassium chloride) and on the output side the amount of K removed with crops yields were taken into consideration. On all nitrogen rates without FYM deficit was stated (21-81 kg/ha x year) and the deficit of K increased with increasing nitrogen rates
The chemical composition of seeds of white and sarepta mustard cultivated under different conditions of nitrogen top-dressing at the sowing-preceding fertilization with sulphur (30 kg/ha) and ...magnesium (6 kg/ha) was analysed in the study. Mustard seeds were determined for the contents of protein, fat, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates. The nitrogen top-dressing was demonstrated to exert a greater effect on changes in the contents of the chemical components examined in mustard seeds at the sowing-preceding fertilization with sulphur. At megnesium fertilization preceding the sowing, this effect was very limited or none. Changes in the content of the components analysed were greater in white mustard, and smaller in the sarepta mustard. A component demonstrating the greatest variability under the experimental conditions was protein whose content increased in the seeds of all mustard samples at the sulphur fertilization preceding the sowing. The content variability of fat, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates was small and not unidirectional in particular years of the study, and insignificant when determined as a multi-year average
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