Three full brothers were building a city, Three full brothers, three Mrljavcevices: The first brother was King Vukasin, The second was Voivode Ugljesa, The third was Mrljavcevic Gojko; They were ...building Skadar on the Bojana, They were building for full three years, For three years with three hundred masons, But they could not lay the fundament, Much less raise up the turreted city: What the masons built by the day The highland oread destroyed by night. Upon the dawn of the fourth year, The oread cried from the mountain: “Do not torment yourself, King Vukasin, Torment yourself and waste your treasure; You cannot, O king, lay the fundament, Much less raise up the turreted city, Until you find two kindred names, Until you find Stoja and Stojan, One a sister and the other brother, And wall them up in the fundament, So that the fundament will be maintained, So that you will build your turreted city.” From a Serbian epic song “The Building of Skadar,” quoted by Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia, p. 406.
Carinthia's nationality struggle has raged more or less unabated since 1848. Until roughly two decades ago there was a relative dearth of secondary materials that one might regard as scholarly in any ...sense of the word. Polemics—admittedly of some value as a special kind of source material—predominated. Indeed emotional overtones still creep into serious studies. On balance, however, recent work in both Yugoslavia and Austria may be characterized as objective, solid, and methodologically innovative. While articles and books published in the former country are no less significant than those emanating from the latter, only titles that have appeared in German can be reviewed here.
Methodology can be defined as “the principles of organized investigation.” It deals primarily with the question how to arrive at substantive knowledge about the subject under investigation. It is an ...indispensable tool for scientific work without which the quality of the acquired knowledge would be at the best haphazardous and at worst erroneous.
It is no secret to us history instructors that for some years now there has been a growing sense of uneasiness in our discipline on the part of pupils and students and of helplessness on the part of ...teachers. Pupils and students repeatedly ask what, after all, is history good for, whether what they are learning is really relevant to their lives, and whether the study of history should not be more than memorizing sterile facts for the purpose of getting grades. Paradoxically, teachers can discern a continuing and in fact ever increasing interest in history. At the same time, we cannot help but notice that the mode of questioning by the younger generation has become different as have the problems that have come with social change.
Slovenci se u Hrvatskoj nikada nisu isticali svojom brojnošću. Krajem 19. stoljeća bilo ih je blizu 30.000, između dva svjetska rata na ukupnome hrvatskom teritoriju (uključujući dio koji je tada ...pripadao Italiji) nešto više, a najviše sredinom 20. stoljeća, gotovo 50.000. Početkom 21. stoljeća tek se oko 14.000 stanovnika Hrvatske izjasnilo kao Slovenci. Slovenci u Hrvatskoj doživjeli su etnički procvat u razdoblju između dva svjetska rata, kada su bili i vrlo dobro organizirani u slovenskim kulturnim društvima i drugim udrugama. Tijekom više stoljeća Slovenci su u mnogim hrvatskim mjestima bili svećenici, vjerski i svjetovni pisci, publicisti. Među njima je bio znatan broj narodnih preporoditelja i aktivista, koji su izvršili velik utjecaj na razvoj hrvatske nacionalne svijesti. Mnogi od njih bili su učitelji, autori udžbenika, školski nadzornici, činovnici, odvjetnici i notari, obrtnici i poduzetnici te časnici u vrijeme Austro-Ugarske i poslije u objema jugoslavenskim državama. U 20. stoljeću dokazali su se kao iznimno značajni liječnici, profesori, znanstvenici i razni drugi stručnjaci, sportaši, ali i kao svestrani umjetnici: slikari, kipari, arhitekti, kazališni glumci, glazbenici, posebice operni pjevači. Središnji dio svoga rada autorica posvećuje poimeničnom izboru i predstavljanju najzaslužnijih Slovenaca i Slovenki u Hrvatskoj u daljoj i bližoj prošlosti kao i onih koji već pripadaju povijesti.
Provider: - Institution: University of Zagreb. Catholic Faculty of Theology. Department of Church History. - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Reformni pokret nižeg katoličkog klera u Hrvatskoj ...trajao je od 1919. do 1923. godine. Za to vrijeme on je prošao kroz više faza razvoja. Djelovanje preteča reformnog pokreta (1917.-1918.) pokazalo je, da dio nižeg klera nije bio zadovoljan tadašnjim odnosima unutar Katoličke Crkve. Ujedno je to bio nagovještaj da će uskoro doći do pokreta koji će imati za cilj provođenje reformi koje bi trebale demokratizirati katoličku crkvenu organizaciju i poboljšati materijalni i društveni položaj njenog nižeg klera. Svoj puni zamah reformni je pokret doživio u novonastaloj Kraljevini SHS. "Savremene želje", odnosno zahtjevi katoličkih svećenika u Hrvatskoj, formulirani na tzv. "Boljševičkoj sinodi", predstavljali su smjernicu u borbi za provođenje reformi u Katoličkoj Crkvi. Značajno je da niti jedan zahtjev nije dirao u temeljna vjerska pitanja, tj. dogme, nego su se isključivo kretali na području crkvene discipline i organizacije. Katoličke crkvene vlasti u Hrvatskoj oštro su osudile reformni pokret i njegove zahtjeve. Na prijelazu iz 1919. u 1920. godinu među svećenicima je došlo do diferencijacije oko pitanja daljnjeg vođenja akcije za reformu Katoličke Crkve. Većina je oštro ostala na tome da se tražene reforme moraju provesti legalnim putem unutar Katoličke Crkve. No, manjina je smatrala da je uspjeh jedino moguć ako se provede prekid svih veza s Katoličkom Crkvom i osnuje nova, neovisna vjerska zajednica. Koprivnička faza pokreta (1920.) pokazala je da jugoslavenski katolički episkopat, držeći se potpuno stava Svete Stolice prema češkom reformnom pokretu, nema namjeru prihvatiti sada ponešto izmijenjene zahtjeve sebi podređenog svećenstva i da je nasilno zauzimanje rimokatoličke župe te njeno pretvaranje u "hrvatsko-katoličku župu" neostvarivo. U svojoj posljednjoj fazi (razdoblje od 1921. do 1923.) reformni pokret zapada u naizgled bezizlaznu krizu i definitivno prekida organizacijske i dogmatske veze s Katoličkom Crkvom. Političke stranke i skupine u Hrvatskoj gledale su na reformni pokret isključivo s aspekta svojih uskih političkih interesa. U svrhu suzbijanja reformnog pokreta katoličke crkvene vlasti imale su, na zakonu utemeljenu, podršku najviših državnih organa. Jedini način da se prevlada kriza pokreta i ostvari željena reforma bio je prijelaz na starokatoličku vjeroispovijest. Nemogućnost provođenja reformi u Katoličkoj Crkvi u Hrvatskoj dovela je do stvaranja nove vjerske zajednice - Hrvatske starokatoličke crkve. U prvih pet godina svoga postojanja Hrvatska starokatolička crkva uspostavila je svoje institucije i proživila prve krize. Tako s godinom 1929. završava jedno razdoblje njezine konsolidacije.- The reform movement of a part of the lower Catholic clergy in Croatia had several phases. The activity of precursors of the reform movement (until 1919.) showed that a part of hierarchically lover clergy was not satisfied with the existing relations within the Catholic Church. At the same time it was an indication that soon a movement would be formed with the aim to carry out the reforms which were supposed to democratize the Catholic Church organization and improve the material and social position of its lower clergy. The reform movement got its full swing in the newly founded Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. "The contemporary wishes", i. e. the demands of the Catholic priests in Croatia, formulated in so-called "Bolshevik synod", presented the orientation in the struggle for carrying out the reforms in the Catholic Church. It is significant that none of demands touched the basic religious questions, i.e. dogmas, but were limited to the questions of the church discipline and organization. The Catholic Church authorities in Croatia condemned sharply the reform movement and its demands. The turn of 1919 to 1920 witnessed the differentiation among the priests regarding the question of further conducting of the action for the reform of the Catholic Church. Most of them resolutely stuck to their opinion that the required reforms had to be carried out in the legal way within the Catholic Church itself. But some thought that the success was possible only if all the connections with the Catholic Church were stopped and new independent religious community formed. The Koprivnica phase of the movement (1920) showed that Yugoslav Catholic episcopate, complying entirely with the attitude of the Holy Chair regarding the Czech reform movement, had no intention to accept the demands, now somewhat changed, of the subordinate clergy and that occupation of the Roman Catholic parish by force and its transformation into the "Croatian-catholic parish" was not realizable. Regardless of the strict church punishments, the movement was kept, mor or less, within the range of the Catholic Church until first excommunication in 1921. In the last phase (the period between 1921 and 1923/24) the reform movement entered its seemingly hopeless crisis and stopped definitely its organizational and dogmatic relations with the Catholic Church. Political parties and groups in Croatia looked at the reform movement of the priests solely from the aspect of their narrow political interests. In order to stop the reform movement the Catholic Church authorities had the support, based on the law, by the highest state bodies. The only way to overcome the crisis of the movement and realize the longed for reform was to pass to the Old Catholic religion. The impossibility of carrying out the reform within the Catholic Church in Croatia made a part of dissatisfied lower clergy found new religious community - the Croatian Old Catholic Church. In first five years of her existing Croatian Old Catholic Church made his own institutions and go through an experience of firs crisis. With year of 1929 finish the time of her consolidation.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
U jesen 1918. godine bližio se kraj Prvoga svjetskog rata, ali i višestoljetne Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Raspadom Monarhije u Hrvatskoj se javlja anarhično stanje koje je uzrokovano raspadom ...dotadašnje vlasti i djelovanjem iz vojske odbjeglih vojnika. Ti odbje- gli vojnici su tijekom rata na različite načine ispoljavali nezadovoljstvo ratom, ali i svojim položajem. Dio ih je želio pobjeći od ratnih strahota, dio srušiti vlast i provoditi socijalne reforme, a treći su samo željeli pljačkati i uništavati. Zelenom kadru su se pridružili i mno- gobrojni osiromašeni seljaci koji su zbog rekvizicija i drugih nameta u ratu bili osiromašeni i materijalno upropašteni. Kao takav, zeleni kadar činio je značajnu komponentu velikih društvenih nemira, koji su se osobito proširili na kraju rata i u razdoblju proglašenja Države SHS. U radu se zeleni kadar grupira u određene kategorije različite s obzirom na cilj i djelovanje. Nemiri su obuhvaćali čitavu sjevernu Hrvatsku. Zadnji dio članka posvećen je zelenom kadru u Podravini i Prigorju.
This multi-site study examined neurocognitive functioning in Bosnian and Slovenian secondary school teachers who survived the 1991–1995 civil conflict in the former Yugoslavia. Thirty-four teachers ...reporting low levels of posttraumatic stress reactions and 17 teachers reporting high levels of posttraumatic stress reactions were administered cognitive measures of attention and memory. Using partial correlations, subjects' scores on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Functioning (Randolph, 1998) were compared to posttraumatic stress reactions as measured by the Reaction Index-Revised (Pynoos, Rodriguez, Steinberg, & Frederick, 1999). Posttraumatic stress scores were inversely correlated with measures of immediate and delayed memory functioning when controlling for age and intellectual ability. These findings suggest that teachers who report lower levels of posttraumatic stress perform better on tests of memory functioning.
The development towards modern nation-states in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires proceeded as a series of national movements acting on behalf of subordinate ethnic communities and seeking the ...attributes of a fully fledged nation. These movements had three main aims: the development of national culture based on the local language, the achievement of some degree of political rights and self-administration, and the formation of a full social structure of equal citizens. Differences between the empires were important in shaping the specificity of singular national movements. We can distinguish national movements which began with linguistic and cultural goals from those in the Balkans which gave priority to the political goals. The cultural movements are highly diverse while the political movements belong to a rather homogeneous type of ‘secessionist nationalism’. The chronology of national movements varied with some starting at the end of the eighteenth century, some in the first half of the nineteenth century, and some even later.
