Social and spatial mobility have been subject to substantial recent sociological and policy debate. Complementing other recent work, in this paper we explore these patterns in relation to higher ...education. Making use of high-quality data from the higher education statistics agency (HESA), we ran a set of multilevel models to test whether the local authority areas where young people grow up influence social and spatial mobility into a higher professional or managerial job on graduation. We found entry to these patterns reflect pre-existing geographies of wealth and income, with more affluent rural and suburban areas in South-East England having higher levels of entry to these occupations. Graduates clustered from major cities tended to be spatially immobile and those from peripheral areas further away from these cities show a higher density of long-distance moves following graduation. We also explored the intersection between social and spatial mobility for graduates with the economic geography of Britain, showing that access to high-class occupations is not necessarily associated with long-distance moves across most British districts. Our evidence further suggests that the 'London effect', where working-class students have higher school attainment than their peers elsewhere, may not continue through to graduate employment.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Outdoor play is considered an essential aspect of a 'proper childhood'. However, unsupervised outside play is declining, a decline attributed to parental anxieties about children's safety. However ...what drives these anxieties and how this impacts on contemporary outdoor play is less clear. Our paper seeks to explore this through an analysis of adult narratives generated through digital map-making and forum discussion about where they played as children and where they would allow a child to play unsupervised now. Our analysis explores the nature of these narratives and pivotal moments in which adults articulated the disconnect between their own recollections of idyllic spatial freedom and the spatial restrictions they place on contemporary children. This offers a rich understanding of how parents navigate conflicting cultural imperatives on risk-avoidance and children's rights to a 'good' childhood.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The use of big data in urban mobility research is growing dynamically. However, relatively few studies have been devoted to systematically review the results in this field. Therefore, the aim of the ...present study is to explore the general characteristics of the application of the big data approach in urban mobility research. For this purpose, the systematic literature review method was applied and the scientific Scopus database was accessed to collect publications relevant to the predefined criteria. Then the papers included in the sample were analysed using quantitative and qualitative techniques, focusing on the trends emerging from the years of publications in the database, the distribution of the papers by journal, the geographical distribution of case-study areas, the methods and data types employed, and their policy implications. This literature review demonstrates the diversity of big datadriven urban mobility research and provides lessons for geography and urban policy in Hungary.
Recent years have seen emerging research into regional disparities in social mobility across Britain, with both scholars and government policies recognizing that life opportunities are closely linked ...to where people grow up. This study presents updated evidence that the problem of social mobility in the UK is related to regional geography. Using data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS), our analysis finds considerable differences in rates of occupational mobility, in both absolute and relative terms, across different regions of the UK. Building on research that shows the critical role of spatial mobility in understanding patterns of social mobility, we find that internal migration can potentially ‘make up’ for regional disparities in social mobility. This suggests social and spatial mobility interact and influence the measurement of social mobility across regions, which can make spatial disparities appear less significant. We also provide evidence of the South East acting as a regional ‘escalator’ providing better opportunities, but that this primarily serves migrants to the region rather than those who stay in the region throughout their careers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper proposes a methodology for using mobile telephone-based sensor data for detecting spatial and temporal differences in everyday activities in cities. Mobile telephone-based sensor data has ...great applicability in developing urban monitoring tools and smart city solutions. The paper outlines methods for delineating indicator points of temporal events referenced as 'midnight', 'morning start', 'midday', and 'duration of day', which represent the mobile telephone usage of residents (what we call social time) rather than solar or standard time. Density maps by time quartiles were also utilized to test the versatility of this methodology and to analyze the spatial differences in cities. The methodology was tested with data from cities of Harbin (China), Paris (France), and Tallinn (Estonia). Results show that the developed methods have potential for measuring the distribution of temporal activities in cities and monitoring urban changes with georeferenced mobile phone data.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Atmospheric particles are a major environmental health risk. Assessments of air pollution related health burden are often based on outdoor concentrations estimated at residential locations, ignoring ...spatial mobility, time-activity patterns, and indoor exposures. The aim of this work is to quantify impacts of these factors on outdoor-originated fine particle exposures of school children.
We apply nested WRF-CAMx modelling of PM2.5 concentrations, gridded population, and school location data. Infiltration and enrichment factors were collected and applied to Athens, Kuopio, Lisbon, Porto, and Treviso. Exposures of school children were calculated for residential and school outdoor and indoor, other indoor, and traffic microenvironments. Combined with time-activity patterns six exposure models were created. Model complexity was increased incrementally starting from residential and school outdoor exposures.
Even though levels in traffic and outdoors were considerably higher, 80–84% of the exposure to outdoor particles occurred in indoor environments. The simplest and also commonly used approach of using residential outdoor concentrations as population exposure descriptor (model 1), led on average to 26% higher estimates (15.7 μg/m3) compared with the most complex model (# 6) including home and school outdoor and indoor, other indoor and traffic microenvironments (12.5 μg/m3). These results emphasize the importance of including spatial mobility, time-activity and infiltration to reduce bias in exposure estimates.
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•Exposure to outdoor PM2.5 varies considerably depending on the modelling approach.•Exposure occurs mainly indoors, although infiltration decreases the concentrations.•Inclusion of school and traffic microenvironments increased the exposure estimates.•Indoor-generated sources potentially important contributors to the total exposure.•Time-activity, spatial mobility and infiltration important in exposure modelling
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The analysis reported in this paper uses Google Mobility Reports to understand subnational trends in population spatial immobility/mobility in the United Kingdom during 2020 and 2021. Using ...multilevel modelling, it analyses how spatial mobility changed through time in response to the strictness of government lockdown and the annual seasonal cycle of public holidays, and between places in terms of their population composition as measured by the shares of the highly‐educationally qualified and the self‐employed. The results show that there are no consistent differences between the nations of the United Kingdom; that time spent at home increased with the severity of lockdown; that the share of highly qualified was also a good predictor of staying at home; and that there were major effects from public holidays. The analysis did not explain all the variation between places and dates; it is suggested that this is because of randomisation of the data by Google and unmodelled factors such as tiered restrictions.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This study intends to show the importance and role of the city of Musumb in the history of the Lunda State in Central Africa. This role will be examined by analysing the reigns of the various ...emperors who succeeded each other on the throne during the pre-colonial period, and the political and social dynamics which pushed the movements of this capital into the Lunda State. A detour through an etymological analysis of the term musumb allows us to grasp unexplored parts of this history. The causes of these mobilities during the middle and penultimate decade of the 19th century are both endogenous and exogenous. The endogenous causes are explained by the electoral process, which is linked to the rules of succession and inheritance negotiations. Sociological, political and economic factors explain the distant and immediate external causes. These have had notorious consequences, such as the very frequent assassinations of the Lunda emperors and the spatial mobility of the Musumb capital from one place to another.
Linear magnetoresistance is generally observed in polycrystalline zero-gap semimetals and polycrystalline Dirac semimetals with ultrahigh carrier mobility. We report the observation of positive and ...linear magnetoresistance in a single-crystalline semiconductor Bi2O2Se grown by chemical vapor deposition. Both Se-poor and Se-rich Bi2O2Se single-crystalline nanoplates display a linear magnetoresistance at high fields. The Se-poor Bi2O2Se exhibits a typical 2D conduction feature with a small effective mass of 0.032m 0. The average transport Hall mobility, which is lower than 5500 cm2 V–1 s–1, is significantly reduced, compared with the ultrahigh quantum mobility as high as 16260 cm2 V–1 s–1. More interestingly, the pronounced Shubnikov–de Hass oscillations can be clearly observed from the very large and nearly linear magnetoresistance (>500% at 14 T and 2 K) in Se-poor Bi2O2Se. A close analysis of the results reveals that the large and linear magnetoresistance observed can be ascribed to the spatial mobility fluctuation, which is strongly supported by Fermi energy inhomogeneity in the nanoplate samples detected using an electrostatic force microscopy images and multiple frequencies in a Shubnikov–de Hass oscillation. On the contrary, the Se-rich Bi2O2Se exhibits a transport mobility (<300 cm2 V–1 s–1) much smaller than that observed in Se-poor samples and shows a much smaller linear magnetoresistance ratio (less than 150% at 14 T and 2 K). More strikingly, no Shubnikov–de Hass oscillations can be observed. Therefore, the linear magnetoresistance in Se-rich Bi2O2Se is governed by the average mobility rather than the mobility fluctuation.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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