Testosterone Karkazis, Rebecca M. Jordan-Young And Katrina
2019, 2019-10-15
eBook
Testosterone is neither the biological essence of manliness nor even the "male sex hormone." It doesn't predict competitiveness or aggressiveness, strength or sex drive. Rebecca Jordan-Young and ...Katrina Karkazis pry testosterone loose from more than a century of misconceptions that undermine science while making social fables seem scientific.
Introducere. Factorul masculin reprezintă aproximativ 30-50% din infertilitate. O cauză comună a infertilității masculine este abuzul de substanțe anabolizante. Interesul bărbaților pentru ...exercițiile de forță a contribuit la utilizarea excesivă a steroizilor anabolizanți, suplimentelor sportive și a altor substanțe auxiliare, pentru îmbunătățirea forței musculare, fără a atrage atenție la efectele secundare pe termen lung. Studiul a fost realizat cu scopul de a investiga efectul substanțelor anabolizante asupra fertilității masculine. Materiale si metode. A fost efectuată căutarea în bazele de date Scopus, Pubmed, Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar, folosind indici Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH) și cuvintele cheie „steroizi androgeni anabolizanți”, „testosteron”, „infertilitate masculină”, „spermatogeneză”. Din 7170 de articole extrase inițial, în urma revizuirii titlului, rezumatului și criteriilor de includere și excludere, în studiul final au fost incluse 43 de articole. Rezultate. Medicamentele anabolizante au efecte pe termen lung asupra sistemului reproductiv masculin și perturbă spermatogeneza prin patru mecanisme distinctive, inclusiv efecte directe asupra gameților, modificarea axei hipotalamo-hipofizo-gonadice, disfuncție erectilă și scăderea libidoului. Reducerea producției de testosteron endogen și suprimarea spermatogenezei are loc prin inhibarea feedback-ului negativ al nivelurilor de hormon luteinizant și hormon foliculostimulant. Majoritatea reacțiilor adverse sunt reversibile după întreruperea tratamentului, dar utilizarea pe termen lung, în timpul vârstelor reproductive și în stadiile de dezvoltare testiculară, perturbă parametrii spermatozoizilor. Nu au fost raportate suficiente informații despre timpul necesar pentru restabilirea fertilității masculine după întreruperea tratamentului. Concluzie. Utilizarea steroizilor anabolizanți are efecte adverse evidente asupra sănătății reproductive masculine. Steroizii anabolizanți pot fi benefici când sunt utilizați cu scop terapeutic, utilizarea lor în scopuri non medicale sau abuzul, duce la afectarea funcției axei hipotalamo-hipofizo-gonadice, creșterea fragmentării ADN-ului, apoptoza spermatozoizilor și la reducerea calității spermei. Sunt necesare mai multe studii cu o abordare metodologică și statistică adecvată, pentru aprecierea efectelor și mecanismelor de afectare legate de consumul de substanțe asupra fertilității masculine.
Introduction
Hypertrophy is the process of increasing the mass of a tissue. In this article, we focused on the impact of the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy, its effect on the human body, ...correlation with the course of diseases and tolerance of treatment. We considered the benefits of having well-developed, and also touched on the problems of underdeveloped muscle mass.
Results
The main factors causing hypertrophy are resistance exercise training, mechanotransduction, metabolic pathways, ribosomal biogenesis, gene expression and the impact of hormones. The beneficial effect of high concentrations of testosterone and growth hormone, also IGF1, on skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been proven. On the other side, the studies have shown that high concentrations of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol are associated with reduced muscle mass.
There are many positive aspects of a well-developed muscle mass such as an impact on the prognosis in patients with cancers and sometimes reduces mortality among them. The problems of low muscle mass and sarcopenia are also mentioned. Low muscle mass can affect the poor prognosis of diseases such as cancer, hepatic cirrhosis and COVID-19. Postoperative complications are more common in patients with low muscle mass. One way to prevent this process may be to introduce resistance exercise training in patients struggling with problems of muscular atrophy.
Conclusion
Skeletal muscles have multiple functions in the human body. In addition to movement, they play a role in molecular processes like hormonal regulation. In addition, they can, when well developed, positively influence healing processes and the course of disease.
Humans have sung together for thousands of years. Today, regular participation in group singing is associated with benefits across psychological and biological dimensions of human health. Here we ...examine the hypothesis that a portion of these benefits stem from changes in endocrine activity associated with affiliation and social bonding. Working with a young adult choir (n = 71), we measured changes salivary concentrations of oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone from before and after four experimental conditions crossing two factors: vocal production mode (singing vs. speaking) and social context (together vs. alone). Salivary oxytocin and cortisol decreased from before to after the experimental manipulations. For oxytocin the magnitude of this decrease was significantly smaller after singing compared to speaking, resulting in concentrations that were significantly elevated after singing together compared to speaking together, after controlling for baseline differences. In contrast, the magnitude of the salivary cortisol decreases was the same across experimental manipulations, and although large, could not be separated from diurnal cycling. No significant effects were found in a low-powered exploratory evaluation of testosterone (tested only in males). At a psychological level, we found that singing stimulates greater positive shifts in self-perceived affect compared to speaking—particularly when performed together—and that singing together enhances feelings of social connection more than speaking together. Finally, measurements of heart rate made for a subset of participants provide preliminary evidence regarding physical exertion levels across conditions. These results are discussed in the context of a growing multidisciplinary literature on the endocrinological correlates of musical behavior. We conclude that singing together can have biological and psychological effects associated with affiliation and social bonding, and that these effects extend beyond comparable but non-musical group activities. However, we also note that these effects appear heavily influenced by broader contextual factors that shape social dynamics, such as stress levels, the intimacy of interactions, and the status of existing relationships.
•Singing and speaking were associated with decreases in salivary oxytocin concentrations, when performed together or alone.•Salivary oxytocin concentrations decreased by less after singing together than after speaking together.•Salivary cortisol concentrations decreased overall, but did not vary as a function of experimental conditions.•Singing together improved self-perceived emotional status and social connectedness more than speaking together.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
CONTEXTThe timing of puberty, physical features of pubertal development, and hormones are closely intertwined but may also individually contribute to the risk for depression and depression severity. ...Additionally, their effects on mood may depend on depression severity, but previously this has only been studied in mostly subclinical depression. METHODSIn 184 girls from a single psychiatric hospital with significant depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II score > 13), the relationship between depression severity and age at menarche (AAM), pubertal status, and gonadal/adrenal hormones (estradiol, progesterone, DHEA-S, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) was investigated. Moreover, AAM in depressed girls was compared to that from a representative sample of German adolescents without a psychiatric disorder (N = 1674). Androgen levels were compared to those of age- and sex-matched controls (N = 59). RESULTSAAM but not pubertal stage or biochemical parameters related to depression. Girls with AAM at the lower normative range of pubertal development were 61 % more likely to develop depression and scored 4.9 points higher on the depression scale than girls experiencing menarche at the population average. Androstenedione levels were increased in the psychiatric sample, but neither androgen nor gonadal hormone levels were associated with depression severity. LIMITATIONSThe study is cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONSThese observations confirm previous studies in mostly subclinical depression and highlight the importance of AAM for adolescent depression. Thus, AAM could be considered a prognostic factor for a clinical risk score assessing the probability of adolescent depression. Moreover, these findings suggest fostering efforts that address risk factors that contribute to an earlier AAM.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The biological effects of the testes and testosterone are known since antiquity. Aristotle knew the effects of castration and his hypothesis on fertilization is one of the first scientific encounters ...in reproductive biology. Over centuries, castration has been performed as punishment and to produce obedient slaves, but also to preserve the soprano voices of prepubertal boys. The Chinese imperial (and other oriental) courts employed castrates as overseers in harems who often obtained high-ranking political positions. The era of testis transplantation and organotherapy was initiated by John Hunter in London who transplanted testes into capons in 1786. The intention of his experiments was to prove the 'vital principle' as the basis for modern transplantation medicine, but Hunter did not consider endocrine aspects. Arnold Adolph Berthold postulated internal secretion from his testicular transplantation experiments in 1849 in Göttingen and is thus considered the father of endocrinology. Following his observations, testicular preparations were used for therapy, popularized by self-experiments by Charles-Edouard Brown-Séquard in Paris (1889), which can at best have placebo effects. In the 1920s Sergio Voronoff transplanted testes from animals to men, but their effectiveness was disproved. Today testicular transplantation is being refined by stem cell research and germ cell transplantation. Modern androgen therapy started in 1935 when Enrest Lacquer isolated testosterone from bull testes in Amsterdam. In the same year testosterone was chemically synthesized independently by Adolf Butenandt in Göttingen and Leopold Ruzicka in Basel. Since testosterone was ineffective orally it was either compressed into subcutaneous pellets or was used orally as 17α-methyl testosterone, now obsolete because of liver toxicity. The early phases of testosterone treatment coincide with the first description of the most prominent syndromes of hypogonadism by Klinefelter, by Kallmann, DelCastillo and Pasqualini. In the 1950s longer-acting injectable testosterone enanthate became the preferred therapeutic modality. In the 1950s and 1960s, research concentrated on the chemical modification of androgens in order to emphasize their anabolic effects. Although anabolic steroids have largely disappeared from clinical medicine, they continue to live an illegal life for doping in athletics. In the 1970s the orally effective testosterone undecanoate was added to the spectrum of preparations. Recent transdermal gels and long-acting injectable preparations provide options for physiological testosterone substitution therapy.
•Genetics, epigenetics and hormones build a triangle mutually influencing each other.•Testosterone, LH, subjective behavior and methylation of the androgen receptor are measured over the menstrual ...cycle.•A significant increase of LH and testosterone plasma levels during the pre-ovulatory phase as well as a decrease of methylation of the androgen receptor at mid-luteal phase was observed.•Subjective ratings of physical condition and sexual interest peaked during the pre-ovulatory phase.•Physical condition correlated negatively with the androgen receptor gene methylation level.
The menstrual cycle is characterized by various hormonal alterations and associations with mental and physical conditions have been postulated. Among endocrine factors, the androgen system has been a target of major interest in males and to a lesser extent in females and may influence emotion, cognition, behavior and somatic factors. Only few studies investigated alterations of these parameters throughout the menstrual cycle and there is a lack of studies exploring a link towards epigenetic and genetic regulation.
This multisite longitudinal study examines behavioral parameters including affectivity, stress perception and various diary parameters of mental and physical well-being in conjunction with testosterone and LH plasma levels in 87 menstruating women. Additionally, Cysteine-Adenenine-Guanin (CAG) repeat length and methylation of the androgen receptor gene collected at four time points across two cycles comprising the menstrual, pre-ovulatory, mid-luteal and premenstrual phase were assesed.
There was a significant increase of LH and testosterone plasma levels during the pre-ovulatory phase as well as a decrease of methylation of the androgen receptor at mid-luteal phase. Subjective ratings of physical condition and sexual interest peaked during the pre-ovulatory phase and the former correlated negatively with the androgen receptor gene methylation level.
This longitudinal study shows alterations of the androgen system including epigenetic measurements throughout the menstrual cycle. While a link between peripheral testosterone and sexual activity and between increased physical condition and an upregulation of testosterone receptor protein expression can be assumed, the majority of parameters remained unchanged. These initial findings need validation by subsequent studies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone are involved in the processing of reward and stress and greatly influence mother-child interactions. Altered hormonal systems have been associated with borderline ...personality disorder (BPD), a disorder characterized by interpersonal deficits. Mothers with BPD tend to perceive interactions with the child as less rewarding and more stressful and interactions are often less reciprocal and have more negative states (i.e. constricted, tense, uncoordinated behaviors). Their children are at elevated risk for psychopathologies. Here, we studied underlying hormonal mechanisms of disrupted mother-child interaction in BPD.
Twenty-five mothers with BPD and 29 healthy mothers with their 18- to 36-month-old toddlers participated in a free-play mother-child interaction, which was evaluated with the Coding Interactive Behavior (CIB) Manual. Maternal blood samples were analyzed at baseline for oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone, and after interaction for oxytocin and cortisol.
Oxytocin decreased and cortisol remained unchanged in mothers with BPD while healthy mothers showed stable oxytocin and decreased cortisol after interaction. Testosterone basal levels were significantly higher in mothers with BPD. Cortisol reactivity and testosterone levels mediated the association between maternal BPD and dyadic negative states during interaction.
These findings suggest that alterations in oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone contribute to disruptions in mother-child interaction in BPD. Interacting with their child might not result in reward and relief of stress in mothers with BPD in the same way as in healthy mothers. Further research is needed to understand more about dyadic bio-behavioral processes in order to provide targeted parenting support. This could break the cycle of transgenerational transmission and improve maternal and child well-being.
•Mother-child interaction can be disturbed in borderline personality disorder (BPD).•Oxytocin decreased after mother-child interaction in mothers with BPD.•Cortisol remained unchanged after mother-child interaction in mothers with BPD.•Cortisol and testosterone mediated dyadic negative states during interaction.•Interaction might not result in reward and relief of stress in mothers with BPD.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Mikropenis atau hipogenitalism adalah suatu keadaan penis dengan bentuk normalnamun dengan ukuran kurang dari 2.5 SD di bawah rerata menurut umur dan statusperkembangan pubertas. Pengukuran penis ...dilakukan secara fully stretched, menggunakanspatula kayu yang diletakkan sejajar dengan dorsum penis dan ditekan sampai simfisispubis. Panjang penis adalah jarak dari simfisis pubis sampai ujung glans penis dan tidakdalam keadaan ereksi. Pengobatan mikropenis terhadap 23 anak dengan rerata usia 9.6tahun dilakukan dengan pemberian testosteron ester intramuskular setiap 3 minggusebanyak 4 kali. Pasca terapi penis bertambah panjang 85% dibandingkan sebelum terapi.Tidak terlihat adanya pertambahan usia tulang dengan protokol yang digunakan.
While exercise was found to affect cognitive performance in adolescents, the underlying mechanisms need to be considered. This study compared the effect of a 20 min game-based exercise with different ...intensities on hormonal responses and potential links to cognitive performance.
37 adolescents (24 girls and 13 boys; 15–16 years of age) were randomly assigned into light intensity (LIG; 58.64% HRmax), vigorous intensity (VIG; 89.51% HRmax), and control group (CON). The concentration of salivary Testosterone and Cortisol was measured before, immediately after, 20 min and 60 min after the intervention.
Repeated-measure ANOVA revealed that neither light nor vigorous game-based exercise acutely affects Testosterone, while Cortisol was higher in the VIG, 20 min after the intervention compared to the LIG and CON. Furthermore, changes in Testosterone were negatively associated with changes in cognitive performance after the acute vigorous intensity exercise (r = −0.63, p = .039) and control condition (r = −0.78, p = .003), but positively associated with post-intervention cognitive performance after the acute light intensity exercise (r = 0.67, p = .012).
The intensity of game-based exercise affected Cortisol concentration in adolescents, while Testosterone concentration did not change after the intervention. On the other hand, exercise intensity plays an important role in the association between Testosterone concentration and cognitive performance.
•Cortisol was higher 20 min after the acute vigorous exercise compared to the light intensity exercise and control condition.•Neither light nor vigorous acute exercise affects Testosterone concentration in adolescents.•The association between Testosterone concentration and cognitive performance is linked to the exercise intensity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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