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•Advanced bioelectronics technologies enable interfaces to 3D biological systems.•3D electronic scaffolds integrate into biological tissues.•3D electronic frameworks integrate onto ...biological tissues.•Multimodal operation creates vast opportunities for biological research.
Recent advances in bio-interface technologies establish a rich range of electronic, optoelectronic, thermal, and chemical options for probing and modulating the behaviors of small-scale three dimensional (3D) biological constructs (e.g. organoids, spheroids, and assembloids). These approaches represent qualitative advances over traditional alternatives due to their ability to extend broadly into volumetric spaces and/or to wrap tightly curved surfaces of natural or artificial tissues. Thin deformable sheets, filamentary penetrating pins, open mesh structures and 3D interconnected networks represent some of the most effective design strategies in this emerging field of bioelectronics. This review focuses on recent developments, with an emphasis on multimodal interfaces in the form of tissue-embedding scaffolds and tissue-surrounding frameworks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Electrospinning has been used for the fabrication of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking fibrous scaffolds for several decades. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds provide nanoscale/microscale fibrous ...structures with interconnecting pores, resembling natural ECM in tissues, and showing a high potential to facilitate the formation of artificial functional tissues. In this review, we summarize the fundamental principles of electrospinning processes for generating complex fibrous scaffold geometries that are similar in structural complexity to the ECM of living tissues. Moreover, several approaches for the formation of three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds arranged in hierarchical structures for tissue engineering are also presented.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds’ biochemical, biological and ...biophysical properties. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in additive manufacturing techniques to 3D print bone grafts, but challenges remain in the lack of manufacturing techniques that can recapitulate both mechanical and biological functions of native bones. The purpose of this review is to outline the recent progress and challenges of engineering an ideal synthetic bone scaffold and to provide suggestions for overcoming these challenges through bioinspiration, high-resolution 3D printing, and advanced modeling techniques. The article provides a short overview of the progress in developing the 3D printed scaffolds for the repair and regeneration of critical size bone defects.
Treatment of critical size bone defects is still a tremendous clinical challenge. To address this challenge, diverse sets of advanced manufacturing approaches and materials have been developed for bone tissue scaffolds. 3D printing has sparked much interest because it provides a close control over the scaffold's internal architecture and in turn its mechanical and biological properties. This article provides a critical overview of the relationships between material compositions, printing techniques, and properties of the scaffolds and discusses the current technical challenges facing their successful translation to the clinic. Bioinspiration, high-resolution printing, and advanced modeling techniques are discussed as future directions to address the current challenges.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The immune system plays a critical role in wound healing and the response to biomaterials. Biomaterials-directed regenerative immunology is an immunoengineering strategy that targets the immune ...system to promote tissue repair. Biomaterial scaffolds employed in regenerative medicine can be broadly classified as biological (such as those derived from the tissue extracellular matrix) or synthetic. Here, we show in depth the divergent myeloid response to biological versus synthetic biomaterial scaffolds. While neutrophil depletion and changes in physical properties such as shape and mechanics can modulate the pro-inflammatory myeloid immune response to synthetic materials to a degree, the overall general divergent myeloid responses persist. Biologic scaffolds elicit a type-2-like immune response with upregulation of genes such as Il4, Cd163, Mrc1 and Chil3, as well as genes associated with damage-associated molecular patterns providing another possible mechanism by which ECM scaffolds promote wound healing via amplification of endogenous wound-associated signaling pathways. Synthetic materials recruit a high proportion of neutrophils which is compounded by material stiffness and by the presence of an injury. Understanding the complex immune response to biomaterial classes will help in the efficient design of immunoengineering strategies and optimizing regenerative and reducing foreign body fibrotic responses to scaffolds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•A critical review on advanced electrospun nanofiber yarn-based textiles for biomedical applications.•Highlighting some innovative electrospinning strategies for NY fabrication and critically ...discussing their advantages and limitations.•Summarizing the construction of electrospun NY-based nanotextiles and their recent applications in biomedical fields.•Identifying the challenges and prospects of electrospun NYs and NY-based nanotextiles for clinical use.
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made biotextiles, including face masks and protective clothing, quite familiar in our daily lives. Biotextiles are one broad category of textile products that are beyond our imagination. Currently, biotextiles have been routinely utilized in various biomedical fields, like daily protection, wound healing, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and sensing, to improve the health and medical conditions of individuals. However, these biotextiles are commonly manufactured with fibers with diameters on the micrometer scale (> 10 μm). Recently, nanofibrous materials have aroused extensive attention in the fields of fiber science and textile engineering because the fibers with nanoscale diameters exhibited obviously superior performances, such as size and surface/interface effects as well as optical, electrical, mechanical, and biological properties, compared to microfibers. A combination of innovative electrospinning techniques and traditional textile-forming strategies opens a new window for the generation of nanofibrous biotextiles to renew and update traditional microfibrous biotextiles. In the last two decades, the conventional electrospinning device has been widely modified to generate nanofiber yarns (NYs) with the fiber diameters less than 1000 nm. The electrospun NYs can be further employed as the primary processing unit for manufacturing a new generation of nano-textiles using various textile-forming strategies. In this review, starting from the basic information of conventional electrospinning techniques, we summarize the innovative electrospinning strategies for NY fabrication and critically discuss their advantages and limitations. This review further covers the progress in the construction of electrospun NY-based nanotextiles and their recent applications in biomedical fields, mainly including surgical sutures, various scaffolds and implants for tissue engineering, smart wearable bioelectronics, and their current and potential applications in the COVID-19 pandemic. At the end, this review highlights and identifies the future needs and opportunities of electrospun NYs and NY-based nanotextiles for clinical use.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Low temperature 3D printing of calcium phosphate scaffolds holds great promise for fabricating synthetic bone graft substitutes with enhanced performance over traditional techniques. Many ...design parameters, such as the binder solution properties, have yet to be optimized to ensure maximal biocompatibility and osteoconductivity with sufficient mechanical properties. This study tailored the phosphoric acid-based binder solution concentration to 8.75 wt% to maximize cytocompatibility and mechanical strength, with a supplementation of Tween 80 to improve printing. To further enhance the formulation, collagen was dissolved into the binder solution to fabricate collagen-calcium phosphate composites. Reducing the viscosity and surface tension through a physiologic heat treatment and Tween 80, respectively, enabled reliable thermal inkjet printing of the collagen solutions. Supplementing the binder solution with 1–2 wt% collagen significantly improved maximum flexural strength and cell viability. To assess the bone healing performance, we implanted 3D printed scaffolds into a critically sized murine femoral defect for 9 weeks. The implants were confirmed to be osteoconductive, with new bone growth incorporating the degrading scaffold materials. In conclusion, this study demonstrates optimization of material parameters for 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds and enhancement of material properties by volumetric collagen incorporation via inkjet printing.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) is designed to achieve results comparable to metallic drug-eluting stents at 1 year, with improved long-term outcomes. Whether the 1-year ...clinical and angiographic results of BVS are noninferior to current-generation drug-eluting stents has not been established.
This study sought to evaluate the angiographic efficacy and clinical safety and effectiveness of BVS in a randomized trial designed to enable approval of the BVS in China.
Eligible patients with 1 or 2 de novo native coronary artery lesions were randomized to BVS or cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting stents (CoCr-EES) in a 1:1 ratio stratified by diabetes and the number of lesions treated. Angiographic and clinical follow-up were planned at 1 year in all patients. The primary endpoint was angiographic in-segment late loss (LL), powered for noninferiority with a margin of 0.15 mm.
A total of 480 patients were randomized (241 BVS vs. 239 CoCr-EES) at 24 sites. Acute clinical device success (98.0% vs. 99.6%; p = 0.22) and procedural success (97.0% and 98.3%; p = 0.37) were comparable in BVS- and CoCr-EES-treated patients, respectively. The primary endpoint of in-segment LL at 1 year was 0.19 ± 0.38 mm for BVS versus 0.13 ± 0.38 mm for CoCr-EES; the 1-sided 97.5% upper confidence limit of the difference was 0.14 mm, achieving noninferiority of BVS compared with CoCr-EES (pnoninferiority = 0.01). BVS and CoCr-EES also had similar 1-year rates of target lesion failure (cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization; 3.4% vs. 4.2%, respectively; p = 0.62) and definite/probable scaffold/stent thrombosis (0.4% vs. 0.0%, respectively; p = 1.00).
In the present multicenter randomized trial, BVS was noninferior to CoCr-EES for the primary endpoint of in-segment LL at 1 year. (A Clinical Evaluation of Absorb Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Absorb BVS System in Chinese Population-ABSORB CHINA Randomized Controlled Trial RCT; NCT01923740).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Treatment of full-thickness skin defects poses significant clinical challenges including risk of infection and severe scaring. Silver nanoparticle (NAg), an effective antimicrobial agent, has ...provided a promising therapeutic method for burn wounds. However, the detailed mechanism remains unknown. Hence, we constructed a metallic nanosilver particles-collagen/chitosan hybrid scaffold (NAg-CCS) and investigated its potential effects on wound healing. In vitro scratch assay, immunofluorescence staining and antibacterial activity of the scaffold were all studied. In vivo NAg-CCS was applied in full-thickness skin defects in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and the therapeutic effects of treatment were evaluated. The results showed that NAg at a concentration of 10 ppm accelerated the migration of fibroblasts with an increase in expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, in vivo studies showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory and scar-related factors as well as α-SMA, while markers for macrophage activation were up-regulated. On day 60 post transplantation of ultra-thin skin graft, the regenerated skin by NAg-CCS had a similar structure to normal skin. In summary, we demonstrated that NAg-CCS was bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and promoted wound healing potentially by regulating fibroblast migration and macrophage activation, making it an ideal dermal substitute for wound regeneration.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chitosan-one of the natural multifunctional polymers-due to its unique and versatile biological properties is regarded as a useful compound in medical and pharmaceutical technology. Recently, ...considerable research effort has been made in order to develop safe and efficient chitosan products. However, the problem of poor stability of chitosan-based systems restricts its practical applicability; thus, it has become a great challenge to establish sufficient shelf-life for chitosan formulations. Improved stability can be assessed by controlling the environmental factors, manipulating processing conditions (e.g., temperature), introducing a proper stabilizing compound, developing chitosan blends with another polymer, or modifying the chitosan structure using chemical or ionic agents. This review covers the influence of internal, environmental, and processing factors on the long-term stability of chitosan products. The aim of this paper is also to highlight the latest developments which enable the physicochemical properties of chitosan-based applications to be preserved upon storage.
Bone has the capacity to regenerate itself for relatively small defects; however, this regenerative capacity is diminished in critical-size bone defects. The development of synthetic materials has ...risen as a distinct strategy to address this challenge. Effective synthetic materials to have emerged in recent years are bioceramic implants, which are biocompatible and highly bioactive. Yet nothing suitable for the repair of large bone defects has made the transition from laboratory to clinic. The clinical success of bioceramics has been shown to depend not only on the scaffold's intrinsic material properties but also on its internal porous geometry. This study aimed to systematically explore the implications of varying channel size, shape, and curvature in tissue scaffolds on in vivo bone regeneration outcomes. 3D printed bioceramic scaffolds with varying channel sizes (0.3 mm to 1.5 mm), shapes (circular vs rectangular), and curvatures (concave vs convex) were implanted in rabbit femoral defects for 8 weeks, followed by histological evaluation. We demonstrated that circular channel sizes of around 0.9 mm diameter significantly enhanced bone formation, compared to channel with diameters of 0.3 mm and 1.5 mm. Interestingly, varying channel shapes (rectangular vs circular) had no significant effect on the volume of newly formed bone. Furthermore, the present study systematically demonstrated the beneficial effect of concave surfaces on bone tissue growth in vivo, reinforcing previous in silico and in vitro findings. This study demonstrates that optimizing architectural configurations within ceramic scaffolds is crucial in enhancing bone regeneration outcomes.
Despite the explosion of work on developing synthetic scaffolds to repair bone defects, the amount of new bone formed by scaffolds in vivo remains suboptimal. Recent studies have illuminated the pivotal role of scaffolds’ internal architecture in osteogenesis. However, these investigations have mostly remained confined to in silico and in vitro experiments. Among the in vivo studies conducted, there has been a lack of systematic analysis of individual architectural features. Herein, we utilized bioceramic 3D printing to conduct a systematic exploration of the effects of channel size, shape, and curvature on bone formation in vivo. Our results demonstrate the significant influence of channel size and curvature on in vivo outcomes. These findings provide invaluable insights into the design of more effective bone scaffolds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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