Yerba mate (Paraguayan green tea) and soy are the commodities most associated with Paraguayan foodways and landscapes. This article, however, explores how oranges played an outsized role in Paraguay ...from the nation's founding in the early nineteenth century to the fruit's decline in the early twenty-first century. Using the narratives of travel writers, the writings of Paraguayan scientists, newspaper articles, and recorded memories, the text argues that oranges shaped an image of an "exotic," "fertile," and "abundant" nation. Even during times of famine oranges persisted as symbols of "survival." In the end, the article posits that a simple imported plant fundamentally shaped the construction of ideas about nation and landscape in nineteenth and twentieth-century Paraguay. By connecting land, production, and subsistence, this article interrogates the creation and meanings of national foods.
The role in the contest of the then president of the Argentine Republic, Bartolomé Mitre, was as decisive as it was controversial, even for his contemporaries and colleagues from the liberal ...political tradition. In this brief essay, I specifically address three crucial questions. In the first place, his role in Venancio Flores's invasion of the Banda Oriental. Then, the main section of the work will revolve around the formation of the Triple Alliance. Finally, I review Mitre’s leading role in the frustrated peace negotiations. Through these events I outline what were some of Mitre's intentions with the war and its actors, the distance between his intentions and the course of events, the ideas that guided him, his responsibilities, and the results for his political and military career. Helping the Colorado invasion seems like an unforced, mistaken decision, even though the great costs of the war of the triple alliance cannot necessarily be deduced from it. The alliance was the product of pressure from the Empire, but also a decision that the Argentine president may have not taken. It was a very risky, almost personal bet, which would have great costs and would not turn out for him as expected. In the case of the peace attempt, Mitre appears almost bound before the extreme postures of the Emperor and the Marshal, a toy of the empire of circumstances. Although he could have made a better offer to López better, the marshal would hardly have agreed to leave Paraguay and Pedro II would hardly have stopped the war.
El rol en la contienda del entonces presidente de la República Argentina, Bartolomé Mitre, fue tan decisivo como polémico, incluso para sus contemporáneos y compañeros de tradición política liberal. Abordaremos en este breve ensayo específicamente tres cuestiones cruciales. En primer lugar, su papel en la invasión de Venancio Flores a la Banda Oriental. Luego, el núcleo del trabajo girará alrededor de la gestación de la Triple Alianza. Por último, revisaremos el rol al frente del ejército aliado en las frustradas negociaciones de paz. A través de estos acontecimientos podremos delinear cuáles fueron algunas de las intenciones de Mitre con la guerra y sus actores, la distancia entre ellas y el devenir de los hechos, las ideas que lo guiaban, sus responsabilidades y los resultados para su carrera política y militar. La ayuda a la invasión colorada parece una decisión no forzada, equivocada, aunque sin necesaria o automáticamente puedan deducirse de allí los grandes costos de la guerra de la triple alianza. La alianza fue producto de presiones del Imperio, pero también una decisión que el presidente argentino que podría no haber tomado. Fue una apuesta casi personal muy arriesgada, que tendría grandes costos y no saldría para él como lo esperado. En el caso del intento de paz, Mitre aparece casi como maniatado ante las posturas extremas del emperador y del mariscal, ese juguete del imperio de las circunstancias. Aunque podría haber ofrecido algo mejor a López, difícilmente el mariscal hubiera accedido a dejar Paraguay y difícilmente Pedro II hubiese parado con la guerra.
Analizamos una serie de intervenciones estatales en torno a la figura del guerrero del Paraguay. En la primera parte abordamos la larga duración de las pensiones de guerra del siglo XIX hasta la ...primera década del XX, que incluyeron a deudos y sobrevivientes de las invasiones inglesas, guerras de la Independencia y del Brasil para reflexionar sobre la singularidad de las que atendieron a los del Paraguay. En la segunda, nos centramos en las medidas específicas dirigidas a viudas y sobrevivientes de la guerra de la Triple Alianza en el período 1865-1915; mientras que, en la tercera, ponemos el foco en el caso de los inválidos de la guerra, específicamente en la actuación de la Asociación Protectora de Inválidos durante 1867-1868. Buscamos comprender las características del guerrero como problema estatal y su lugar dentro de la cuestión social durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.
The collection of lithographs and texts entitled Historical Pictures of the Paraguayan War was produced in the 1870s. The collection, initially sold in fascicles, later became an album, undergoing ...some occasional modifications. This paper will aim to explain some aspects about the editorial project and the characters in-volved, as well as the way in which the fascicles about the conflict circulated around Brazil and beyond.
The article is devoted to Argentina’s participation in the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) – one of the most tragic pages in the history of Latin America in the 19th century. The aim of the article was to ...analyze the reasons for Argentina’s engagement to the war, the course of the war, and its consequences for Argentina. The research methodology is based on general scientific principles and interdisciplinary approaches as well as special historical methods, in particular, comparative analysis, chronological, the method of micro history. There are no studies of Argentina’s participation in this conflict in Ukrainian historiography, while foreign researchers usually did not pay special attention to this narrow topic reaching more broad issues of Paraguayan War per se or Argentine politics and history in complex. So, the scientific novelty of the article lies in the focus on this specific issue and elaboration on macro (political movements) and micro (case studies) levels of the conflict. Conclusions. The main reasons for Argentina’s entry into the war were: internal political instability and the desire to suppress opposition to the ruling party, instability in Rio de la Plata region, unresolved territorial disputes. Despite the initial successes of the Paraguayan side, the war quickly entered an offensive phase. Conscription and military actions were marked by excessive cruelty and careless treatment of soldiers. It became one of the methods used to weaken political opponents. This led to resistance inside the country. The war provoked a few waves of epidemic. As a result of the war, Argentina gained new territories in the provinces of Misiones and Gran Chaco, but the country experienced significant economic and human losses. The national government and the Liberal Party strengthened, while the opposition Federalist Party marginalized. However, these successes in the field of nation-building were achieved at the cost of countless victims and human catastrophe of all sides of the conflict.
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•First systematic phosphate oxygen isotope analysis of Mexica human sacrifices.•Templo R sacrifices were long-term residents of the Basin of Mexico.•Wide residential diversity found ...amongst sacrifices at Tenochtitlan’s Templo Mayor.•Non-locals can be linked to Mesoamerican regions subjugated by the Triple Alliance.•Tenochca priests obtained sacrifices via slavery, war captivity, and war spoils.
This is the first systematic study of residential patterns of Mexica human sacrifices, as determined from bone and enamel phosphate oxygen isotope data of individuals recovered at the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan (n = 36) and the Templo R of Tlatelolco (n = 24). We identify these individuals’ geographic residences and compare these patterns with phosphate oxygen isotope data from a contemporary non-sacrificial group (Ecatepec; n = 24) from the Basin of Mexico. The sacrifices’ residential patterns are evaluated to assess their group membership (i.e., as locals, long-term residents, or non-locals from other regions of Mesoamerica). The Tlatelolco subadult and adult sacrifices were either locals or long-term residents. The Templo Mayor subadult sacrifices offered at several ceremonies were non-locals and long-term residents, while the adult sacrifices were long-term residents (e.g., slaves living in Tenochtitlan >10 yrs.) or non-locals (e.g., war captives, slaves, spoils-of-war sacrificed soon after arriving to the Basin). Our results demonstrate the Templo Mayor priests had broad access to long-term residents and non-locals with origins from Mesoamerican regions subjugated by the Mexica. This study illustrates the Mexica obtained individuals for sacrifice with a diverse range of physical, social, and geographic characteristics for their ritual ceremonies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Reaching the Argentinian presidency in 1862, Bartolomé Mitre faced his most challenging task in the war against the republican neighbour of Paraguay. While he was running the Allied forces, the ...victorious General in Pavón had to deal with not only the enemies’ resistance but also the distrust of Brazilian allies, the criticism upon the lead of the conflict and the national uprisings at the provinces. Even though the war against Paraguay had contributed to consolidating the national state and spreading Mitre’s name beyond the four countries involved, the conflict ruined his political capital conquered at the fights for the national organization. Mitre’s candidate defeat at the presidential election in 1868 and even Mitre’s in 1874 confirms the decline of his icon and of his nationalist party. Therefore, this article aims to analyze Bartolome Mitre’s performance in Paraguay during and, mainly, after the war against Paraguay. In order to do that, a broad bibliographic referential and periodicals of the four countries involved were consulted, especially from Buenos Aires, such as La Nación, La Tribuna, El Nacional and El Mosquito. From the analyse which had been made it is argued that his performance in relation to Paraguay ensured, simultaneously, his redemption with the victory reached in Cerro Corá, and his downfall, after a failed revolutionary attempt in the city of Junín.
Alzado al puesto de presidente de la República Argentina el 1862, Bartolomé Mitre tuvo su más acuciante desafío en la guerra contra la vecina República del Paraguay. Como Comandante-en-Jefe de las fuerzas aliadas, el General vencedor en Pavón tuvo que enfrentar no solo a la resistencia del enemigo, sino las desconfianzas de los aliados brasileños, las críticas a la conducción del conflicto y las revueltas federales ocurridas en provincias del Interior argentino. Si bien la guerra contra Paraguay contribuyó a consolidar el estado nacional argentino y resonó el nombre de Mitre más allá de los cuatro países involucrados, el conflicto asoló su capital político acumulado en las luchas por la organización nacional. La derrota del candidato mitrista en las elecciones presidenciales de 1868 y la del proprio Mitre en las de 1874 atestiguan el declino de su figura y de su partido Nacionalista. Así las cosas, este artículo se propone analizar a la actuación de Bartolomé Mitre junto al Paraguay durante y, sobre todo, tras la guerra contra Paraguay. Para eso, fueron utilizados un amplio referencial bibliográfico y periódicos de los cuatro países involucrados, sobre todo de Buenos Aires, tales como La Nación, La Tribuna, El Nacional y El Mosquito. Del análisis realizado se plantea que su actuación en relación con el Paraguay le aseguro a la vez su redención, con la victoria obtenida em Cerro Corá, pero también su derrocada, ocurrida, a su vez, tras un fallido intento revolucionario en la ciudad de Junín.
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