The 1964 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is often presented as a pivotal moment in the post-Second World War relations between the Global North and Global South. At this conference, ...Australian policymakers devised a Middle Zone policy that sought to present Australia as neither 'developed' nor 'developing'. This had significant consequences for the colonial administration of Papua New Guinea (PNG), which Australia administered as a UN Trust Territory. In the two decades following the Second World War, Australia had administered PNG in a way that promoted gradual development, arguing that the road to independence would be a slow one. By 1964, however, international pressure (exemplified by the call for UNCTAD) had made this policy less viable. This article examines the impact of UNCTAD on the decolonisation of PNG, as it sparked an acceleration of calls for PNG independence in the second half of the 1960s. The Conference also prompted indigenous leaders within PNG to engage with the increasingly diverse field of development in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Local leaders, such as Michael Somare, became increasingly prominent as decolonisation loomed large. Their developmental approaches, informed by other movements within the Global South, steadily became a part of the plan for an independent PNG. UNCTAD can be seen as a starting point for this process. By examining the connections between the 1964 UNCTAD and the decolonisation of PNG, this paper adds a new dimension to the scholarship of the Conference as well as the process of decolonisation in the Pacific.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Studies reciprocal trade sanctions between Russia and EU since 2014.•Uses UNCTAD/BACI bilateral trade flows and Eurostat export (to Russia) data flows.•A quasi-natural experiment is used to analyze ...the effectiveness of both sanctions. Russian (broadly defined) import sanctions lead to 8-times stronger decline.•Lower effectiveness of Western sanctions is driven by their limited retroactivity.
We use a quasi-natural experiment of reciprocal imposition of trade sanctions by Russia and the EU since 2014. Using UNCTAD/BACI bilateral flows data we take this unique opportunity to analyse both sanctions. In particular, we study the effectiveness of narrow versus broadly defined sanctions, and differences in the effectiveness of sanctions imposed on exports and imports. We show that the Russian sanctions imposed on European and American food imports resulted in about an 8 times stronger decline in trade flows than those imposed by the EU and the US on exports of extraction equipment. These results do not appear to be driven by diversion of trade flows via non-sanctioning countries. Hence the difference in sanctions’ effectiveness can be attributed to the limited retroactivity of Western sanctions, which allowed exemptions for exports made pursuant to contracts made prior to 2014.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Foreign Direct Investment, since decades, has taken over other sources of debt flows both in developed as well as emerging economies of the world. The reason that support this overly attachment to ...revered flows of FDI does not seem to benign the economies by smidgens but in amass. Back to 1990s, the economies over the world witnessed huge opening of their foreign policies with an avarice objective of luring more and more foreign capital, more advancely, foreign investment. The globalisation phenomenon that also gauges back to the late 80s and early 90s saw in the opening up of economies a plethora of opportunities to integrate economies across the globe. One major instance of the speeding globalisation was seen in the form of bilateral and multilateral agreements among nations to enhance cooperation on mutual fronts. ASEAN, one such conglomeration, saw its inception back in 1967 and with the steering of global identity, the participating members extended from five founding members to other countries of Southeast Asia as well. The ameliorating figure of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in the ASEAN region has stirred a need for quantifying the overall effect of FDI Inflows on Gross Domestic Product of the region. The present research note intends to capture this impingement of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on Gross Domestic Product of the Ten Southeast Asian member nations which together constitute ASEAN. The data is fetched from UNCTAD Statistics database for a time range of 1980-2015. Panel regression technique is deployed to meet ends. The results of the econometric approach of Random Effects Panel Regression indicate a significant and positive impingement of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on Gross Domestic Product of ASEAN member states. The outcome of the analysis thus throws light on how Foreign Direct investment Inflows has contributed to the Gross Domestic product of ASEAN and further exploration in the area will blossom the relationship.
During the early morning of September 29, 2006, five teams of volunteers, led by the URO1.ORG Cooperative, carried out a signaling action to draw attention to the Diego Portales Building. Five false ...posters indicate, by means of an isotype, an arrow and a text, that the Gabriela Mistral Metropolitan Cultural Center is nearby. The posters are an instruction, an invitation to move, discovering a story and activating links that can become a motor for programmatic and spatial changes.
When an investor sues a state for alleged breaches of its obligations under an investment treaty or a trade agreement with investment provisions, all that should matter for who wins the case are the ...merits of the claim itself. Alas, investor‐to‐state dispute settlement (ISDS) does not take place in a vacuum. Such cases are decided by a tribunal typically consisting of three arbitrators, one each nominated by the two parties while the president is mutually agreed upon. We demonstrate that the kind of involvement of these arbitrators in previous ISDS cases matters for the case under dispute. Specifically, we show that what we label the presidents' pro‐investor appointment bias—the number of times they have previously been nominated by an investor minus the number of times they have represented respondent states—raises the likelihood that an investor wins an ISDS case. The same holds for the pro‐investor appointment bias of state‐appointed arbitrators. Given the president's crucial role, the main implication of our findings is that presidents should be drawn from among those who have not systematically represented more one side than the other in previous cases.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
El escrito aborda el papel de la <<invención>> en el proyecto de la Unidad Popular, ligada a modos de asociatividad orientados a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las y los trabajadores. Dicha ...asociatividad se aprecia a nivel de sus imágenes, entendiéndolas como interfaces que suscitan puntos de encuentro y trayectorias inéditas. En función de esto, proponemos otros modos de hilvanar relatos sobre la Unidad Popular, mostrando que las imágenes funcionan como registros de lo múltiple, que emergen dentro de una formación social compleja y mutante. La primera sección del texto introduce una aproximación conceptual al problema, mientras que la segunda se centra en dos hitos de la UP que inscriben la invención como un eje articulador de la redefinición de lo social: la colección <<Nosotros los chilenos>>, de Quimantú (1971-1973), y el edificio UNCTAD III (1971-1972).
Durante la madrugada del 29 de septiembre de 2006 cinco equipos de voluntarios, conducidos por la Cooperativa URO1.ORG, realizan una acción señalética para llamar la atención sobre el Edificio Diego ...Portales. Cinco carteles falsos indican, mediante un isotipo, una flecha y un texto, que el Centro Cultural Metropolitano Gabriela Mistral se encuentra cerca. Los carteles son una instrucción, una invitación a moverse, que descubre una historia y activa vínculos que pueden convertirse en motor de cambios programáticos y espaciales.
Resumo O presente artigo apresenta e discute os resultados de pesquisa sobre controvérsias em tribunais internacionais de arbitragem nos quais empresas acionaram Estados por implementação de leis e ...normas relativas à saúde pública, à proteção ambiental, ao direito à água e a direitos de povos indígenas. Buscamos identificar padrões e tendências na abertura de processos e nas decisões tomadas, a fim de verificar se e de que forma esses processos restringiram tentativas de Estados de salvaguardar direitos individuais ou coletivos. Concluímos que, na maior parte dos casos, as controvérsias de fato restringiram a capacidade do Estado de legislar a favor do interesse público.
Abstract This study describes and discusses the results of research into publicly divulged cases of disputes in international courts in which companies have sued states for implementing laws and standards relating to public health, environmental protection, the right to water, and Indigenous peoples’ rights. We seek to identify patterns and trends in the opening of proceedings and in the taken decisions to ascertain whether and how these proceedings have restricted state attempts to safeguard individual or collective rights. We conclude that, in most cases, the controversy has in fact restricted the state ability to legislate toward the public interest.
This research aimed to determine the reflexivity of the Sufficiency Examination of the Federal Accounting Council in relation to the UN/UNCTAD/ISAR World Curriculum and to the axes competence ...required of the Accounting professionals. A descriptive research with a qualitative approach was carried out. Data were collected using documentary technique and content analysis was performed. The adequacy of the Exam was found in relation to the World Curriculum, with emphasis on the basic blocks of knowledge in Accounting, followed by organizational and commercial activity. However, Information Technology content has not been identified. The technical-professional competences were more expressive in the Exam than the organizational and social ones. It was concluded that the test reflects most of the knowledge required by international standards for the performance of a global accountant, however the Sufficiency Exam needs improvement regarding a wider range of content that requires the mobilization of social and managerial competences.
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