BTW-ondememers hef Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde (BTW), op die waarde van goedere en dienste wat dit lewer, namens die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens (SAID). Die BTW-ondememer verreken die totale ...uitsette aan die einde van fa aanslagperiode aan die SAID as uitsetbelasting. Insgelyks is die BTW-ondememer geregtig om die BTW wat dit gedurende die aanslagperiode aangegaan het, vir goedere en dienste daaraan gelewer vir verdere lewering van belasbare goedere en dienste, as insetbelasting van die uitsette af te trek, fa Belangrike beginsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse BTW-reg is dat insetbelasting slegs afgetrek kan word in soverre goedere en dienste in geheel verkry is met die doel om te verbruik, gebruik, of lewer, gedurende die maak van belasbare lewerings en in die bevordering van die ondememing. Die howe het hierdie defmisie op enkele geleenthede ondersoek. Die mees onlangse uitspraak is die van die Hoogste Hof van Appel in Consol Glass (Pty) Ltd v the Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service (1010/2019) 2020 ZASCA 175 (18 Desember 2020), welke saak in hierdie vonnisbespreking bespreek word. Daar is fa groot aantal sake vanuit die Europese Unie rakende die onderwerp. Gevolglik skenk ons aandag aan moontlike lesse wat Suid-Afrika by die Europese Unie kan leer.
This study investigates firm-level environmental responses to China's export value-added tax (VAT) rebate reduction policy launched in 2007 that aims to reduce exports in high-polluted and ...high-energy-consumption sectors. First, we combine firm-level export information from the Customs dataset and the list of policy-targeted products to identify firms affected by export VAT rebate reduction policy. Then, we employ a difference-in-differences strategy to examine changes in the affected and unaffected firms' sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand emissions before and after policy implementation. Empirical analysis reveals that the export rebate reduction policy increases firms' pollution emission intensities and decreases their total outputs, leading to a negative but less significant effect on total pollution emissions. Tests to explore the mechanism reveal that firms' financial constraints become tighter if affected by the export VAT rebate reduction, as evidenced by reduced revenues, profits, and total factor productivity. This further translates into lowered purchases of environment-friendly technologies and a worse capacity to adopt clean production practices, which accounts for increased pollutant emission intensities following the export VAT rebate reduction policy.
•This study examine the impact of export VAT rebate reduction policy on firms' pollutant emission outcomes.•The results suggest that firms affected by the policy increase their pollutant emission intensities.•Policy-induced financial constraint is the main channel for baseline findings.•Affected firms would reduce their investment in environment-protection equipment, and increase their energy/resource use per output.•Firms located in financially developed regions are less affected by the policy.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper examined the impact of "Business Tax to Value-added Tax" on enterprises' innovation output, substantive innovation and the related mechanism. We use a natural experiment involving China's ...business tax changing to value-added tax ("BT to VAT") and a mediating effect mechanism to identify any causality. The results reveal that "BT to VAT" reform has prompted enterprises to increase their innovation output and substantive innovation, and the level of R&D investment plays an intermediary role in the relationship between "BT to VAT" and the entire innovation output and the relationship between "BT to VAT" and the substantive innovation output of enterprises. Further analysis demonstrates that firms with different ownership types, in different industries and with different degrees of marketization respond differently to the "BT to VAT" policy. Our findings are only significant for non-state-owned enterprises, high-tech enterprises and enterprises in high-marketization degree area. This paper provides a theoretical and empirical basis for detailed analyses of the effects of "BT to VAT" policy, particularly the government's subsequent improvement to the tax reform policy, to further stimulate enterprise investments in innovation as well as industrial upgrading.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
RESUME: Le projet de déploiement d'un réseau de distribution est principalement lié aux résultats financiers, plus tôt qu'a son aspect technique. Dans le cadre de notre sujet de recherche, nous avons ...considéré la puissance installée, l'énergie annuelle demandée, la recette annuelle apres 5 ans, le coÛt du pret, la durée de remboursement de 5 ans, le taux d'intéret annuel a 10 %, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée 16 %, le prix kWh de 0,01 USD et la charge d'exploitation en 5 ans. Notre étude a produit les résultats donnant les éléments d'analyse de la viabilité financiere du projet de déploiement du réseau de distribution, ce qui est une contribution d'une envergure capitale dans le domaine du réseau électrique.
Dressed by the legislator in the attire of a legal obligation, tax representation is envisioned as an expression of syncretism, combining features of conventional representation as enshrined over ...centuries and new characteristics dictated by the specificity of its application field and contemporary economic realities. The practical benefits of this regulation, unquestionably today, are offset by its inherent challenges and limitations, fueling ongoing debates regarding the legal treatment of the tax representative, the boundaries of representation, and their legal responsibility. In this context, the present paper provides an overview of the facets of the tax representation institution for VAT purposes and the implications of its effects within the national legal framework.
Structural tax reduction represents a crucial measure supporting the advancement of real enterprises, with discernible policy spill-over effects on corporate asset allocation. This paper empirically ...examines the impact of tax reduction on the financialization of real enterprises, utilizing data from Chinese listed companies spanning the years 2009 to 2016 and anchored in the policy shock induced by the “VAT Reform”. The findings suggest that the tax reduction effect resulting from the “VAT Reform” significantly suppresses the financialization of real enterprises, with this policy effect gradually diminishing from the third year onward. Further heterogeneity analysis reveals that tax reduction exerts a more pronounced impact in curbing the intensity of corporate financialization, particularly in private enterprises and companies facing higher financial constraints. Subdividing the term structure of financial assets indicates a significant reduction in the allocation of long-term financial assets for both state-owned and private enterprises. Remarkably, state-owned enterprises show no significant change in the allocation of short-term financial assets, while private enterprises witness a substantial increase in short-term financial asset allocation. Further tests validate the conclusion that increased investment in operating assets by enterprises supports the established impact. The research enriches the literature on corporate financialization, offering a novel evaluative perspective for assessing the effects of the “VAT Reform” policy.
•This study investigates the VAT Reform on real enterprises in view of financialization•We utilizes the distinctive policy context of China’s tax system reform.•The VAT Reform can effectively reduce level of financialization in real enterprises•The spillover effects of tax policy reform at the enterprise level is evident.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Anlässlich des BREXIT und der damit einhergehenden Probleme bei der Einfuhr- und Zollabwicklung von Warenlieferungen deutscher Unternehmen nach Großbritannien, rückten auch die Incoterms® sowie die ...sich aus ihrer Verwendung ergebenden umsatzsteuerlichen Folgen wieder verstärkt in den praktischen Fokus. Dies aufgreifend stellt der nachfolgende Beitrag die umsatzsteuerlichen Folgen aus der Verwendung typischer Incoterms®-Klauseln im Rahmen grenzüberschreitender Lieferungen dar. Aufbauend auf einer kurzen Einleitung werden zunächst Export- und Importlieferungen mit Drittlandsbezug sowie darauffolgend grenzüberschreitende Lieferungen mit Bezug zum Gemeinschaftsgebiet betrachtet. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer kurzen Zusammenfassung.
This paper estimates the impact of a pilot policy reform in China that replaced the business tax (BT) with a value-added tax (VAT) for the service sectors on the total factor productivity (TFP) of ...manufacturing firms. Employing a difference-in-differences (DD) estimation approach, our results show that through forward and backward linkages (FLs and BLs, respectively) along the value chain, this pilot program has a positive effect on manufacturing firms’ TFP. A 1% increase in FLs (BLs) leads to an approximately 7% (16%) increase in firm productivity. This effect is larger for non-state-owned enterprises and labor-intensive firms than for other firms. Manufacturing firms with high intensities of exporting activities are affected only through BLs. Further exploration shows that this increase in productivity is realized mainly through increased specialization of firms. Our findings imply that simplification and unification of the tax system across sectors can help boost firm productivity.
•Impact of China’s VAT pilot program on manufacturing firms’ TFP levels.•We use a DD approach to address endogeneity.•VAT positively affects manufacturing firms through FLs and BLs.•This effect is larger for non-state-owned enterprises and labor-intensive firms.•The increase in TFP is realized through increased firm specialization.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
49.
FISCAL RISK OF VAT UNCOLLECTED IN EUROPEAN UNION Porumboiu Adriana Elena; Butu Ionela; Ghetu Raluca ...
Analele Universităţii din Oradea. Ştiinţe economice,
12/2019, Volume:
28, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Since 1967, the 6 states that then formed the European Economic Community (EEC) decided that value added tax (VAT) would be the most important indirect tax of the Member States. Moreover, its use by ...the countries wishing to join the EEC was an indispensable condition. In 2019, VAT is a tax used by all 28 European Union (EU) Member States, but the system for collecting public revenues from this tax is not a perfect one and it can be improved. EU intervention in the area of taxation is limited because the fiscal policy of each Member State continues to be an attribute of national sovereignty. Through the directives, the European Commission sets measures valid for all countries (such as the minimum level of the standard VAT rate set at 15%), but each EU state decides on the national system of taxes and duties. The fiscal policy registers differences from one state to another and therefore provides different results in terms of performance. This article aims to highlight the link between the VAT collection deficit and the standard VAT rate applied in each of the EU countries. The analysis showed that the countries with the lowest VAT rates are also the ones with the lowest losses in VAT collection. The biggest deficits are encountered among the states with average VAT rates, especially in the east and south of the EU. Romania and Greece lose about a third of the VAT revenues, and the loss is all the more obvious as the share of VAT in the total tax receipts is higher than in Western EU states, for instace. After all, any loss harms the tax system and indirectly the society. We also mention that the data used in this analysis are those published in September 2019 by the European Commission through TAXUD and also provided by Eurostat databases and refer to 2017.
Our study shows that China's export value‐added tax (VAT) rebate system is a major industrial policy that affects its exports. We use export data at the HS6 product level for a panel of 329 Chinese ...cities over the 2003–2012 period to assess how changes in the export VAT tax have affected China's export performance. We consider different trade margins in terms of volumes, prices, and the number of countries served. To counter endogeneity, we exploit variations in the expected impact of the export VAT rebates by trade regime, which come from an eligibility rule disqualifying certain export flows from the rebates. Our results suggest that a 1 percent decline in the export VAT tax leads to a 7.2 percent relative increase in eligible export values at the city level. This effect is due to an adjustment of quantities and the number of foreign markets served while the average unit values of exports remain unchanged.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF