This book argues that the colonial confrontation was central to the formation of international law and, in particular, its founding concept, sovereignty. Traditional histories of the discipline ...present colonialism and non-European peoples as peripheral concerns. By contrast, Anghie argues that international law has always been animated by the 'civilizing mission' - the project of governing non-European peoples, and that the economic exploitation and cultural subordination that resulted were constitutively significant for the discipline. In developing these arguments, the book examines different phases of the colonial encounter, ranging from the sixteenth century to the League of Nations period and the current 'war on terror'. Anghie provides a new approach to the history of international law, illuminating the enduring imperial character of the discipline and its continuing importance for peoples of the Third World. This book will be of interest to students of international law and relations, history, post-colonial studies and development studies.
Purpose
To explore the factors affecting the linear magnification of the intermediate fundus image during indirect ophthalmoscopy with a slit‐lamp biomicroscope.
Methods
A simple paraxial model, ...based on a ‘reduced’ eye and a ‘thin’ ophthalmoscopy lens, is used to develop equations showing the effects of the power and ametropia of the eye, and the equivalent power and position of the ophthalmoscopy lens on fundus magnification. Predicted magnifications are compared with practical results found in earlier published experimental studies, which used Volk ophthalmoscopy lenses in conjunction with physical model eyes with adjustable levels of axial ametropia.
Results
The model's magnification predictions, as a function of the eye's ametropia, are in good agreement with previous experimental measurements, provided that the equivalent powers of the Volk lenses are used rather than their labelled nominal powers. Magnification values typically change by approximately ±10% over the practical range of each parameter if other parameters are held constant. In particular, normal variations in the equivalent power of the adult emmetropic eye result in magnifications which range from about 90–120% of the nominal value given for an eye power of +60.00 D. It is demonstrated that the recommended working distances for different powers of Volk ophthalmoscopy lenses approximate optimal matching between the various pupils of the eye‐Volk lens‐slit‐lamp biomicroscope system.
Conclusions
All the parameters considered have marked effects on magnification. The magnification values quoted by manufacturers can be regarded as only approximations of those which may be found in practice. Better estimates of magnification can be obtained by inserting the appropriate parameter values into the equations derived in this paper, using, where appropriate, the equivalent power of the indirect ophthalmoscopy lens, rather than the lens' labelled, ‘nominal’ power.
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Rethinking the role of the artist and recovering the
work of unacknowledged creators in colonial society
This volume addresses and expands the role of the artist in
colonial Latin American society, ...featuring essays by specialists in
the field that consider the ways society conceived of artists and
the ways artists defined themselves. Broadening the range of ways
that creativity can be understood, contributors show that artists
functioned as political figures, activists, agents in commerce,
definers of a canon, and revolutionaries.
Chapters provide studies of artists in Peru, Mexico, and Cuba
between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Instead of
adopting the paradigm of individuals working alone to chart new
artistic paths, contributors focus on human relationships,
collaborations, and exchanges. The volume offers new perspectives
on colonial artworks, some well known and others previously
overlooked, including discussions of manuscript painting,
featherwork, oil painting, sculpture, and mural painting.
Most notably, the volume examines attitudes and policies related
to race and ethnicity, exploring various ethnoracial dynamics of
artists within their social contexts. Through a decolonial lens not
often used in the art history of the era and region, Collective
Creativity and Artistic Agency in Colonial Latin America
examines artists' engagement in society and their impact within
it.
Contributors: Derek S. Burdette | Ananda
Cohen-Aponte | Emily C. Floyd | Aaron M. Hyman | Barbara E. Mundy |
Linda Marie Rodriguez | Jennifer R. Saracino | Maya Stanfield-Mazzi
| Margarita Vargas-Betancourt
Publication of this work made possible by a Sustaining
the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant from the
National Endowment for the Humanities.
Der Band unternimmt vor dem Hintergrund von Diskussionen um globale und postkoloniale Anliegen den Versuch, das Verständnis von Bildung und Schule neu zu justieren. Dies geschieht einerseits durch ...grundlagentheoretische Orientierungen, andererseits mit Hilfe von interkulturell-vergleichenden Fragestellungen durch die Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen Herausforderungen. Dabei werden auch Konstellationen in den USA und Kanada beleuchtet. Die Beiträge bieten so wichtige Impulse sowohl zur Schulpädagogik als auch zur Allgemeinen Pädagogik.
This book examines a decade-long period of instability, violence and state decay in Central Africa from 1996, when the war started, to 2006, when elections formally ended the political transition in ...the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A unique combination of circumstances explain the unravelling of the conflicts: the collapsed Zairian/Congolese state; the continuation of the Rwandan civil war across borders; the shifting alliances in the region; the politics of identity in Rwanda, Burundi and eastern DRC; the ineptitude of the international community; and the emergence of privatised and criminalised public spaces and economies. This book seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of concurrent developments in Zaire/DRC, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda in African and international contexts. By adopting a non-chronological approach, it attempts to show the dynamics of the inter-relationships between these realms and offers a toolkit for understanding the past and future of Central Africa.
Indigenous Criminology is the first book to comprehensively explore Indigenous people's contact with criminal justice systems in a contemporary and historical context. Drawing on comparative ...Indigenous material from North America, Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, it addresses both the theoretical underpinnings to the development of a specific Indigenous criminology, and canvasses the broader policy and practice implications for criminal justice.
Written by leading criminologists specialising in Indigenous justice issues, the book argues for the importance of Indigenous knowledges and methodologies to criminology, and suggests that colonialism needs to be a fundamental concept to criminology in order to understand contemporary problems such as deaths in custody, high imprisonment rates, police brutality and the high levels of violence in some Indigenous communities.
Prioritising the voices of Indigenous peoples, the work will make a significant contribution to the development of a decolonising criminology and will be of wide interest.
Land is key to the operations of coloniality, but the power of the land is also the key anticolonial force that grounds Indigenous liberation. This work is an attempt to articulate the nature of land ...as a material, conceptual, and ontological foundation for Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and valuing. As a foundation of valuing, land forms the framework for a conceptualization of Indigenous environmental ethics as an anticolonial force for sovereign Indigenous futures. This text is an important contribution in the efforts to Indigenize Western philosophy, particularly in the context of settler colonialism in the United States. It breaks significant ground in articulating Indigenous ways of knowing and valuing to Western philosophy-not as artifact that Western philosophy can incorporate into its canon, but rather as a force of anticolonial Indigenous liberation. Ultimately,Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land shines light on a possible road for epistemically, ontologically, and morally sovereign Indigenous futures.
Situated amidst the revolutionary spirits of 19th-century Europe, Finnish nationalists sought to bring an end to roughly half a millennium of foreign rule for their land and their people. According ...to the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, a community must have a common language and a common history in order to constitute a nation. At this time, Finland had neither. Although Herder’s political philosophy is considered crucial to understanding the nationalist movements that took place in Europe during this period, Finland’s peculiar success in attaining and sustaining independence has until this point remained unexplained relative to a Herderian framework. This study consists primarily of a distillation of Herder’s philosophy and an investigation of Finland’s history, with a particular focus on the music of the composer Jean Sibelius and the Kalevala, a collection of Finnish mythological stories. The findings of this investigation suggest that the emergence of the Finnish nation can be understood within a Herderian framework because the music of Sibelius and the Kalevala fulfilled the roles of a common language and common history. This provides a more nuanced understanding of both Herder’s philosophy and the relationship between music and language.
This volume deals with the De Bry collection of voyages, one of the most monumental publications of Early Modern Europe. It analyzes the textual and iconographic changes the De Bry publishing family ...made to travel accounts describing Asia, Africa and America.
What happens to marginalized groups from Africa when they ally with the indigenous peoples' movement? Who claims to be indigenous and why? Dorothy L. Hodgson explores how indigenous identity, both in ...concept and in practice, plays out in the context of economic liberalization, transnational capitalism, state restructuring, and political democratization. Hodgson brings her long experience with Maasai to her understanding of the shifting contours of their contemporary struggles for recognition, representation, rights, and resources. Being Maasai, Becoming Indigenous is a deep and sensitive reflection on the possibilities and limits of transnational advocacy and the dilemmas of political action, civil society, and change in Maasai communities.
