At the end of the 4th century, first ever intrusions of Barbarian peoples in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian area emerged. They were mainly of robbing and vandalising character. As a consequence of the ...Barbarians’ appearance, there were significant changes in the lives and work of the then population of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Later on, in the period from the 5th century to the beginning of the 7th century, Barbarian vandalism intensified. Its sense was significantly changed. As time passed by, the determination among the Barbarian tribes not to return where they came from kept being stronger. In relation to that,they completely focused on permanent possession, settlement and stay in the areas they had conquered, establishment of government and usage of natural resources and domestic work force, all for the sake of meeting their own daily needs. In such circumstances, the local population was exposed to all kinds of Barbarian torture. Because of that, many inhabitants abandoned their century-long homes and sought sanctuary in other, relatively speaking, safer parts of the Roman Empire.
This study deals with the phenomenon of the Goths in the Roman Empire, their conflicts and alliances with the Western and Eastern part of the Empire and their relationship to the existing population ...and its material goods. In a very complex and difficult political and military situation, the Goths were found in the Roman province of Dalmatia. Some parts of this province at the beginning of the fifth century were influenced by the Visigoths, then from the half of the fifth century under the governance of the Pannonian Ostrogoths, and finally, at the end of the fifth century, the entire province of Dalmatia was ruled by Ostrogoths. Unlike the Visigoths which cannot be attributed nothing to merit in terms of positive changes in the areas that they occupied, Ostrogoths still left a very strong mark in the history of the Roman province of Dalmatia, especially in Bosnian and Herzegovinian and Croatian territories, where they ruled until 537 AD.
En este artículo hacemos seguimiento de la recepción que hizo Agustín de Hipona del mito maniqueo; en esta advertimos su reacción visceral contra la doctrina de Mani, pues –además de los elementos ...propiamente apologéticos– hay un claro intento de tomar psicológicamente distancia de una experiencia religiosa que lo marcó en profundidad, en todos los sentidos. En este contexto por cierto polémico podemos también discernir aspectos centrales de un texto que tuvo valor litúrgico y que, como tal, era de capital importancia para las comunidades maniqueas. Esta lectura agustiniana tiene como horizonte el derrumbe próximo del Imperio Romano de Occidente y el enfrentamiento creciente de Constantinopla con el Imperio Persa, la movilidad de sus fronteras y las persecuciones en parte políticas y en parte religiosas que padeció el Maniqueísmo.
The V century A.D. is, undoubtedly, the least known of the History of Spain. This is because,
since the late nineteenth century, the historians have grown an image of this century marked by the
vices ...of traditional historiography, which has even reached our time. At present, it is necessary to use
new methodological approaches (the author proposes four arguments about it in this article) and to
meet new perspectives in Archaeology if we want to correct that deficiency in such important century
for the History of Spain.
El siglo V después de Cristo es, sin duda, el más desconocido de la Historia de España. Ello se debe a que, desde fines del siglo XIX, los historiadores han cultivado una imagen de esa centuria marcada por los vicios de la historiografía tradicional que incluso ha llegado a nuestro tiempo. En la actualidad, es necesario recurrir a nuevos planteamientos metodológicos (en este artículo el autor propone cuatro argumentos al respecto) y a nuevas perspectivas en Arqueología si se quiere corregir esa deficiencia en un siglo tan importante para la Historia de España.
Since its invention by Renaissance humanists, the myth of the "Middle Ages" has held a uniquely important place in the Western historical imagination. Whether envisioned as an era of lost simplicity ...or a barbaric nightmare, the medieval past has always served as a mirror for modernity. This book gives an eye-opening account of the ways various political and intellectual projects-from nationalism to the discipline of anthropology-have appropriated the Middle Ages for their own ends. Deploying an interdisciplinary toolkit, author K. Patrick Fazioli grounds his analysis in contemporary struggles over power and identity in the Eastern Alps, while also considering the broader implications for scholarly research and public memory.
This book gives an eye-opening account of the ways various political and intellectual projects have appropriated the medieval past for their own ends, grounded in an analysis of contemporary ...struggles over power and identity in the Eastern Alps.
Modernization Wallech, Steven
China and the West To 1600,
2016, 2016-02-23
Book Chapter
It is an unmistakable fact that we live in the post‐modern era. The period prior to this is known as the modern era. Reaching the modern era required the rejection of tradition in favor of a new set ...of values that fostered modernization. Modernization began spontaneously in the Late Middle Ages in a major institutional transformation that led to a simultaneous realignment of cultural practices. The nomadic customs of the German tribes that occupied Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire set the tone for the Early Middle Ages. These nomadic tribes produced the most unstable element of medieval tradition. The course of China's medieval history from the fall of the ancient world to the eve of modernity in Europe was nearly the polar opposite of that of Europe during the Middle Ages.
The study examines the importance and impact of specific cultural contexts in the modern era within the historical interpretation of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. At the beginning is examined ...the long-standing discussion among historians about the determination of a specific period in which the ancient Roman Empire ended. The study defines the most important questions that emerged from this discussion, and the various responses of selected mind-forming European and American intellectuals from the second half of the 18th century to the present day. The study specifically explores the conscious and unconscious ideological prejudices, the cultural environment at a specific time and territory, and the life experiences that individual historians have projected into their concepts in an attempt to offer satisfactory answers to one of the most important events in the history of the Western civilization.
The historical interpretation of the end of the Western Roman Empire is one of the greatest challenges of modern historiography. Since the time of Edward Gibbon, the intellectual debate has gradually focused on addressing a number of key issues: When the Roman Empire ceased to exist, what were the causes of the demise, and what were the consequences for the following history in Mediterranean territory? The study points out that the answers to these questions largely depended on the civilization level and the cultural context in which individual historians formed their theories. Since the mid-19th century, some historians, such as A. Dopsch, rejected the search for the particular year of the demise of the Western Roman Empire. This attitude was based on a new understanding of the material culture of late antiquity in the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the significant development of archeology during this period. On the basis of comparative archeology, Dopsch emphasized the continuity between ancient and medieval times. The concept of “Long Late Antiquity” offered a wider range of interpretations of the demise of the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean. In the second half of the 19th century, the inter-war debate took place between French and German historians who sought to justify the historical claims on the borderland between France and the recently united Germany. A significant challenge was then to evaluate the importance of Germanic migration at the end of the Roman Empire. Nor Fustel de Coulanges, a French positivist historian who has been scrupulously striving to separate scientific research and nationalism, has not been resistant to ideological prejudices in this case. At the beginning of the 20th century, historical science in the issue of the late Roman Emperor was greatly influenced by Mommsen’s historical-critical method of gathering and studying sources and by Darwin’s evolutionary theory. Social Darwinism penetrated the historical analyzes of O. Seek and F. Tenney, who explained the decline of the Roman Empire by infiltration of the absolutist methods of governance from the Orient that caused a regression of political and social development. The first and second World war meant for many opinion-makers historians a disillusionment of faith in civilization progress. Authors often did not know how to evade their frustrations from the Second World War. P. Courcelle divided his work on Germanic migrations into three parts – the invasion, the occupation, the liberation, which basically duplicates the course of the 2nd World war in France. In the 1950s and 1960s, the generation of historians, headed by P. Brown, consciously separated from the interpretation of the late antiquity as a period of decadence, and instead set the concept of continuity between the classical antiquity and the medieval period. Scientific research focused on the eastern parts of the Roman Empire, where state institutions continued to function within the Byzantine Empire. The key to understanding of historical processes between the 4th and 7th centuries, was the study of marginalized literature which was able to provide a new knowledge of the cultural vitality of the time. In the second half of the 20th century, epithets, such as transformation, evolution, continuity instead of extinction or fall, are mostly used in the professional circles for the period of late antiquity. The last decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by the term “Archaeological Revolution”. Thanks to the new discovery, a number of long-lived clichés are reinterpreted on the issues of the end of Roman state institutions in the West and East. Historical science does not capitulate for searching answers to the issue of the end of Roman power in the Mediterranean. This is evidenced by several major European and American projects, such as “The Transformation of the Roman World”. However, due to the relatively small amount of literary sources preserved from this period, there is still considerable room for introducing our own cultural context into the historical interpretation of this epochal process.
Historical Overview Smith, Christopher
A Companion to the City of Rome,
08/2018
Book Chapter
This chapter charts a huge arc of history from the early days of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. One of the most innovative changes at Rome comes with Constantine's conversion to ...Christianity, which heralds the creation of a new architectural form, the basilica church. The great basilica churches pulled the center of Rome away from the Forum, and this had profound consequences on Roman topography for centuries to come. Historians debate at length some of the immensely technical issues surrounding sixth century, but the general account of the passage from monarchy to annual magistracy around the beginning of the fifth century BCE is probably correct. One of the liveliest debates in ancient history is over the nature of the “decline and fall” of the Roman Empire.
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