We provide evidence for a power law relationship between the subjective one-dimensional Instantaneous Self Assessment workload measure (five-level ISA-WL scale) and the radio communication of air ...traffic controllers (ATCOs) as an objective task load variable. It corresponds to Stevens’ classical psychophysics relationship between physical stimulus and subjective response, with characteristic power law exponent γ of the order of 1. The theoretical model was validated in a human-in-the loop air traffic control simulation experiment with traffic flow as environmental stimulus that correlates positively with ATCOs frequency and duration of radio calls (task load, RC-TL) and their reported ISA-WL. The theoretical predictions together with nonlinear regression-based model parameter estimates expand previously published results that quantified the formal logistic relationship between the subjective ISA measure and simulated air traffic flow (Fürstenau et al. in Theor Issues Ergon Sci 21(6): 684–708, 2020). The present analysis refers to a psychophysics approach to mental workload suggested by (Gopher and Braune in Hum Factors 26(5): 519–532, 1984) that was recently used by (Bachelder and Godfroy-Cooper in Pilot workload esimation: synthesis of spectral requirements analysis and Weber's law, SCL Tech, San Diego, 2019) for pilot workload estimation, with a corresponding power law exponent in the typical range of Stevens’ exponents. Based on the hypothesis of cognitive resource limitation, we derived the power law by combination of the two logistic models for ISA-WL and communication TL characteristics, respectively. Despite large inter-individual variance, the theoretically predicted logistic and power law parameter values exhibit surprisingly close agreement with the regression-based estimates (for averages across participants). Significant differences between logistic ISA-WL and RC-TL scaling parameters and the corresponding Stevens exponents as ratio of these parameters quantify the TL/WL dissociation with regard to traffic flow. The sensitivity with regard to work conditions of the logistic WL-scaling parameter as well as the power law exponent was revealed by traffic scenarios with a non-nominal event: WL sensitivity increased significantly for traffic flow larger than a critical value. Initial analysis of a simultaneously measured new neurophysiological (EEG) load index (dual frequency head maps, DFHM, (Radüntz in Front Physiol 8: 1–15, 2017)) provided evidence for the power law to be applicable to the DFHM load measure as well.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
본 논문에서는 입력된 비행계획을 바탕으로 4차원 궤적을 생성하고, 이 궤적정보를 기반으로 항공기 운동을 나타내는 시뮬레이션 모델을 개발하였다. 4차원 궤적은 BADA에서 제공하는 항공기 성능 계수와 Total Energy Model 및 베지에 곡선을 활용하여 모델링 하였으며, CTA (cntrolled tme of arival) 및 속도를 기준으로 하는 ...두 가지 항공기 제어 방식을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 비행시간 및 경로에 대하여 정의된 궤적과 거의 일치하였으며, 바람 조건에 따른 각 제어 방식 별 차이점을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 시뮬레이션 모델을 기반으로, 다양한 항공교통관리 분야 연구에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 향후 연구로 실제 항공기가 운항한 경로와 베지에 곡선간의 차이를 줄이기 위해 최적화 기법을 도입할 필요가 있으며, 이를 통해 개발된 시뮬레이션의 활용도를 높일 수 있다.
This paper presents air traffic control simulation model for generating 4D trajectory, and aircraft dynamic model based on 4D trajectory information. With aircraft parameters from BADA and Total Energy Model, the trajectory is defined through modified Bezier curve and the simulation supports two aircraft control methods based on controlled time of arrival (CTA) or airspeed. The simulation results shown that flight time and path were almost identical to the defined trajectory, and derived the differences of each control methods according to wind conditions. Based on the simulation model developed in this study, it is expected to be applied to various air traffic management researches. Future studies will focus on applying optimization techniques in order to minimize the difference between generated trajectories and actual flight routes. This work will increase utilization of developed simulation futhermore.
다양한 교통상황에서 현실적인 항공교통관제 시뮬레이션을 수행하기 위해서는 정확성과 효율성이 고려된 항공기 운동 모델이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 BADA의 항공기 운용 및 성능 정보를 반영하여 고 충실도의 개선된 5자유도 운동 모델을 개발하였으며, 항공기의 비행 특성이 반영된 제어기 및 유도부를 구성하였다. 이 때, 질점 모델 기반의 BADA 정보를 ...5자유도 운동 모델에 적용하기 위해 일부 데이터와 관계식만을 선별적으로 차용하였고, 일부 데이터는 항공기 설계 기법을 이용하여 추정하였다. 시뮬레이션 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 항공기 기종 및 비행 계획을 통해 이륙 중량을 추정하였으며, 이를 시뮬레이션에 반영하였다. 개발된 운동 모델은 실제 기록된 비행 궤적 정보와 비교하여 검증 되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 운동 모델은 관제시뮬레이터에 적용되어 다양한 항공교통 관련 연구에 활용될 수 있다.
To perform realistic air traffic control (ATC) simulation in various air traffic situations, an aircraft dynamic model that is accurate and efficient is required. In this research, an improved five degree of freedom (5-DOF) dynamic model with feedback control and guidance law is developed, which utilizes selected performance data and operational specifications from the base of aircraft data (BADA) and estimations using aircraft design techniques to improve the simulation fidelity. In addition, takeoff weight is estimated based on the aircraft type and flight plan to improve simulation accuracy. The dynamic model is validated by comparing the simulation results with recorded flight trajectories. An ATC simulation system using this 5-DOF model can be used for various ATC related research.
Conventional ATC simulation training is practice-based training that aims to teach students hands-on experiences before handling real traffic situations in a stressful environment. However, COVID 19 ...has profoundly affected society and higher education in Australia. It brings enormous challenges to delivering this hands-on practical face-to-face training for students in a typical way. Hence, remote ATC simulation training is emerging in aviation education during COVID. This paper will present an innovative system design for remote ATC simulation training at an Australian university. Firstly, infrastructure upgrading of hardware and software from an existing stand-alone system to a remote network is discussed in detail with consideration of costs, cyber security, system compatibility with the university-wide network; Secondly, preliminary experiment results about the quality of remote ATC simulation training is present by compared with traditional face-to-face training to validate the whole system design; Last but not least, the enhancement of the current remote training system beyond COVID-19 regarding reliability and capacity is listed for future development. This foundation paper will support an understanding of how digital technology can transform STEM practical education during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby providing an excellent example for the rest of the world by its leading role in developing advanced ATC training systems for application at a global level.
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