One of the methods to create the idea in the architectural design is the principles and patterns in the natural phenomena. The current study consists of two sections. The first section introduces and ...recognizes the analogy of nature and its different types. Then, this section studies, classifies, and analyzes the opinions using the analytical-descriptive methods. In the second section, performances of two groups of undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, in architecture and Urbanism Faculty of the Jundi-Shapour University of Technology, Dezfoul, on how to deal with nature and analogy method was evaluated as freehand sketching using experimental study. The sketches were classified based on the modeling and analogy method into three classes of formal, structural, and conceptual analogies, which have conceptual, structural, and formal specifications based on the patterns of nature. The results show that undergraduate students selected the patterns based on their form, function, symbolism, aesthetics, feelings, design process, nature, climate, and structure. Also, graduate students selected the patterns based on the function, form, symbolism, feelings, climate, and structure. The form of nature was applied more among the undergraduate students, while the function of nature was utilized more among the graduate students.
The paper presents psycholinguistic personal case study in its character. It focuses on the analogous (hypergeneralizing) formation of nouns and verbs in the ontogenesis of children’s speech through ...the prism of linguistic principles. The basic research material is diary entries of 364 grammatical forms of two children aged 1;10 – 2;7 years and 3;8 – 4;5 years (recorded during the ten months in 2017), which are incompatible with the literary norm of the Slovak language. The basic starting point was the hypothesis that agrammatic forms in children’s speech can be categorized and explained on the basis of natural language principles, whose application presupposes a certain level in the development and functioning of logical and thought operations and the cognitive system as such. The analysis of research material enabled us to generalize certain tendencies in the ontogenesis of the morphological system in children, which lead to structural iconism, uniform symbolization, systemicity and unification of the word-formation basis. The application of the principles in children’s speech has proved to be specific – the child applies in his speech mainly the principles of analogy, naturalness and dominance. The limit of the presented longitudinal research is the small number of respondents and the very nature of the research problem, whose solution requires intensive contact with the child subject, a longer period of time and more extensive research material.
Argumentación por comparación Alhambra Delgado, José
Revista iberoamericana de argumentación,
06/2023
26
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
En este artículo respondo a una pregunta que suele surgir al exponer la teoría metaargumentativa de la argumentación por analogía, a saber: ¿son todos los argumentos por analogía metaargumentos? La ...respuesta es que sí, pero al defender esto no sugiero que aquello que otros autores han calificado como tal no sean argumentos en absoluto. Aquí parto de la hipótesis de que existe una familia amplia de formas de argumentar en las que una comparación entre dos elementos se presenta como una razón para asignar a uno de ellos una propiedad del otro. Denomino esto “argumentación por comparación” y distingo seis variedades en base a los criterios del objeto, el grado y el propósito de la comparación: los argumentos por semejanza, la argumentación por analogía –que a su vez divido en argumentación por paridad de razones y argumentación por paridad de ponderaciones–, los argumentos de grado, la argumentación a fortiori, las explicaciones por comparación y las ilustraciones. Esta clasificación no pretende ser ni exhaustiva ni definitiva, pero sí clarificar qué es y, sobre todo, qué no es, una argumentación por analogía. Una pieza fundamental del trabajo es el análisis de casos: es a partir del reconocimiento de semejanzas y diferencias de donde surge toda clasificación, en este caso de argumentos.
Previous studies have shown that individuals not only successfully engage in cross-domain analogies but also accomplish cross-modal reasoning. Yet, the behavioral representation and ...neurophysiological basis of cross-modal and cross-domain analogical reasoning remain unclear. This study established three analogical reasoning conditions by combining a multi-to-multi learning-test paradigm with a four‑term analogy paradigm: within-domain, cross-domain, and cross-modal conditions. Thirty participants were required to judge whether the relationship between C and D was the same as the learned relationship between A and B. Behavioral results revealed no significant differences in reaction times and accuracy between cross-domain and cross-modal conditions, but both conditions showed significantly lower accuracy than within-domain condition. ERP results indicated a larger P2 amplitude in the cross-modal condition, while a larger N400 amplitude was observed in the cross-domain condition. These findings suggest: (1) The P2 in cross-modal analogical reasoning is associated with more difficult access to cross-modal information. (2) The N400 in cross-domain analogical reasoning is related to more challenging semantic processing. This study provides the first evidence of behavioral and ERP differences between cross-modal and cross-domain analogical reasoning, deepening our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in cross-modal analogical reasoning.
•This study firstly compares the neurophysiological differences between cross-modal and cross-domain analogical reasoning.•Cross-modal analogical reasoning elicited a larger P2 component was associated with interstimulus modal incongruence.•The cross-domain analogical reasoning elicited a larger N400 component related to more challenging semantic processing.•No significant differences in reaction times and accuracy between cross-domain and cross-modal conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Integrating a porous material into the structure of an aerofoil constitutes a promising passive strategy for mitigating the noise from turbulence–body interactions that has been extensively explored ...in the past few decades. When a compact permeable body is considered in the aeroacoustic analogy derived by Curle to predict this noise source, a dipole associated with the non-zero unsteady Reynolds stresses appears on the surface in addition to the dipole linked to the pressure fluctuations. Nevertheless, the relative contribution of this source to the far-field noise radiated by a porous wing profile has not been clarified yet. The purpose of the current research work is twofold. On the one hand, it investigates the impact of porosity on the surface-pressure fluctuations of a thick aerofoil immersed in the wake of an upstream circular rod at a Mach number of 0.09. On the other hand, it quantifies the relevance of the Reynolds-stresses term on the surface as a sound-generation mechanism. The results from large-eddy simulations show that the porous treatment of the wing profile yields an attenuation of the unsteady-pressure peak, which is localised in the low-frequency range of the spectrum and is induced by the milder distortion of the incoming vortices. However, porosity is ineffective in breaking the spanwise coherence or in-phase behaviour of the surface-pressure fluctuations at the vortex-shedding frequency. The Reynolds-stresses term is found to be considerable in the stagnation region of the aerofoil, where the transpiration velocity is larger, and partly correlated with the unsteady surface pressure, suggesting constructive interference between the two terms. This results in a non-negligible contribution of this term to the far-field acoustic pressure emitted by the porous wing profile for observation angles near the stagnation streamline. The conclusions drawn in the present study eventually provide valuable insight into the design of innovative and efficient passive strategies to mitigate surface–turbulence interaction noise in industrial applications.
•Porosity reduces the unsteady surface-pressure amplitude but not their coherence.•The peak in the unsteady surface pressure occurs downstream of the leading edge.•A spanwise-varying distribution of pores is beneficial in further reducing noise.•The leading-edge noise reduction is linked to the weakened turbulence distortion.•Non-zero Reynolds stresses at the porous surface induce additional dipolar sources.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
6.
Reasoning by grounded analogy Godden, David; Grey, John
Synthese (Dordrecht),
12/2021, Volume:
199, Issue:
3-4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Analogical reasoning projects a property taken to hold of something or things (the source) to something else (the target) on the basis of just those similarities premised in the analogy. Standard ...similarity-based accounts of analogical reasoning face the question: Under what conditions does a collection of similarities sufficiently warrant analogical projection? One answer is: When a thing’s having the premised similarities somehow
determines
its having the projected property. Standardly, this answer has been interpreted as claiming that a formally defined determination relation exists between the variables of which the determining properties are values and the variable of which the determined property is a value. This paper supplies another answer: Analogical projection is warranted when an item’s having the projected property is
grounded
in its having the premised similarities. Drawing on the metaphysics of grounding, we propose a model of grounded analogy on which analogical reasoning is valid under metaphysical necessity. Our model thus provides one answer to John Stuart Mill’s question of how analogical reasoning based on limited information about a single source case can provide an indefeasible justification for analogical projection. Once a relation of total grounding is ascertained to hold between some similarities and the projected property, no other properties bear on the projectability of the projected property from the source to the target.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•Electrical analogy for analysis and optimization of heat exchanger networks is introduced.•Equivalent thermal circuits for heat exchanger networks are depicted.•Heat exchanger networks are analyzed ...by thermal circuits with circuitous philosophy.•A general mathematical method is proposed for heat exchanger network optimization.•The proposed method provides several conceptual/quantitative optimization criteria.
Electrical circuit analogy is an effective method for the performance analysis of various heat transfer processes, whereas there is no equivalent thermal circuit for heat exchanger networks (HENs). In view of this limitation, and based on the concept of entransy-dissipation-based thermal resistance (EDTR), we introduce an equivalent thermal circuit to represent the heat transfer process in a heat exchanger, and then analyze the temperature variations of all the working fluids in each heat exchanger to establish the equivalent thermal circuits for such three basic layouts of HENs as multiple-loop, series, and parallel. The combination of these equivalent thermal circuits gives the overall equivalent thermal circuit for any HEN consisting of the three basic layouts. Accordingly, the inherent relationships, i.e., the constraint equations, of all the parameters in a HEN are built by circuitous philosophy. Based on these constraint equations together with the Lagrange multiplier method, we propose a mathematical method for the optimization of heat transfer performance in HENs. Finally, as an example, the heat transfer processes in a district heating system is analyzed and optimized by the newly proposed equivalent thermal circuit and the corresponding optimization method to show the applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Regular polysemes are sets of ambiguous words that all share the same relationship between their meanings, such as CHICKEN and LOBSTER both referring to an animal or its meat. To probe how a ...distributional semantic model, here exemplified by bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), represents regular polysemy, we analyzed whether its embeddings support answering sense analogy questions similar to “is the mapping between CHICKEN (as an animal) and CHICKEN (as a meat) similar to that which maps between LOBSTER (as an animal) to LOBSTER (as a meat)?” We did so using the LRcos model, which combines a logistic regression classifier of different categories (e.g., animal vs. meat) with a measure of cosine similarity. We found that (a) the model was sensitive to the shared structure within a given regular relationship; (b) the shared structure varies across different regular relationships (e.g., animal/meat vs. location/organization), potentially reflective of a “regularity continuum;” (c) some high‐order latent structure is shared across different regular relationships, suggestive of a similar latent structure across different types of relationships; and (d) there is a lack of evidence for the aforementioned effects being explained by meaning overlap. Lastly, we found that both components of the LRcos model made important contributions to accurate responding and that a variation of this method could yield an accuracy boost of 10% in answering sense analogy questions. These findings enrich previous theoretical work on regular polysemy with a computationally explicit theory and methods, and provide evidence for an important organizational principle for the mental lexicon and the broader conceptual knowledge system.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
9.
Analogy between concepts Barbot, N.; Miclet, L.; Prade, H.
Artificial intelligence,
October 2019, 2019-10-00, 20191001, 2019-10, Volume:
275
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Reasoning by analogy plays an important role in human thinking, in exploring parallels between situations. It enables us to explain by comparing, to draw plausible conclusions, or to create new ...devices or concepts by transposing old ones in new contexts. A basic form of analogy, called Analogical Proportion (AP), describes a particular relation between four objects of the same kind, e.g. “A calf is to a bull as a foal is to a stallion”. It is only recently that researchers have started to study APs in a formal way and to use their properties in different tasks of artificial intelligence (AI). This paper follows this line of research. Specifically, we are interested in giving the definition and some properties of an AP in lattices, a widely used structure in AI. We give general results before focusing on Concept Lattices, with the goal to investigate how analogical reasoning could be introduced in the framework of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). This leads us to define an AP between formal concepts and to give algorithms to compute them, but also to point to special subcontexts, called analogical complexes. They are themselves organized as a lattice, and we show that they are closely related to APs between concepts, while not needing the complete construction of the lattice. To finish, we relate them to another form of analogy, called Relational Proportion, which involves two universes of discourse, e.g. “Carlsen is to chess as Mozart is to music”, which leads to the more compact way of saying “Carlsen is the Mozart of chess”, which is not anymore a relation between four objects of the same kind, but can be interpreted as well in FCAs framework.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Magnetostrictive electro-hydraulic actuator (M-EHA) is a highly integrated hydraulic servo device with very complex movement and conduction processes. The output performance could be affected by many ...factors. To design such actuator and analyze its performance with simple and efficient analysis method, an M-EHA impedance network modeling method considering the fluid inertia and the compressibility is proposed. The M-EHA components behavior were respectively described based on the fluid flow continuous equation, the pressure drop equation, and the dynamic motion equation. By employing the electro-mechanical and electro-hydraulic analogies, the impedance network of M-EHA is established and the output performance is analyzed. Through independent impedance analysis of different structures of the M-EHA, the natural frequency and dynamic characteristics of manifold, hydraulic cylinder, and accumulator are obtained respectively, and this provides the theoretical guidance for optimizing the actuator structure and performance. The influence of driving frequency, system bias, and load on the output performance of M-EHA are studied based on the impedance network. Simulations show that the best output performance is obtained under 593 Hz with 1.2 MPa system bias pressure, and the flow is 0.52 L/min.
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