•Kaolin spraying at 3% reduced downy mildew severity in grapevines.•Improved plant growth, yield, and berries quality.•Overexpressed defense-related genes and induced the plant resistance in ...grapevines.•Enhanced the photosynthetic pigments and stomatal closure in grapevines.
Plasmopara viticola, the causative of downy mildew, is one of the most destructive pathogens that attack grapevines worldwide. Despite to its high productivity and good berries quality, King Ruby seedless grapevines are highly susceptible to P. viticola and suffer its adverse effects. In this study, kaolin spraying at 1 and 3% was investigated under field conditions as a likely anti-oomycete substance. Results from the field experiment showed that kaolin spraying at 3% resulted in a considerable reduction in the infection severity (80.1%). Overexpression of the responsive factor JERF3 (4-fold), and the defense-responsive genes PR1 (4.2-fold), CHI II (3.9-fold), POD (2.7-fold), and GLU (2.8-fold) was recorded. Furthermore, a promotion in the phenolic compounds in plant roots (106.5%), as well as activities of peroxidase (182.5%) and polyphenol oxidase (136.4%) enzymes was also recorded in response to this treatment. A decrease in lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, and the cellular electrolyte leakage, as well as an increment in ascorbic acid content in grapevine leaves were observed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that kaolin treatment at 3% induced stomatal closure and led to a reduction in the stomatal area in grapevines leaves. Transmission electron microscopy indicated abnormal variations in the ultrastructure of the infected mesophyll cells of grapevine leaf. This abnormality decreased due to kaolin application at 3%. Moreover, kaolin spraying resulted in a significant enhancement in most of the evaluated growth parameters. Yield per grapevine was also improved (18.5%), as well as all evaluated berries quality standards in response to kaolin application. It can be concluded that kaolin application at 3% is a promising protective solution to control downy mildew and improve the grapevines growth and production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The impacts of Kaolin particle film (KPF) and Pinoline (P) Antitranspirants (ATs) on growth, yield components (marketable and unmarketable), fruit quality and on-farm irrigation water use efficiency ...(WUE) of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under water deficit of 40%, 60%, and 80% depletion of available water (DAW) were studied, to determine if ATs application would mitigate water deficit stress and increase WUE. The field experiments were elaborated in the open field for two seasons under the drip irrigation system. The results revealed that deficit irrigation (DI) significantly reduced the relative water content of the leaves (RWC), CO2 assimilation rate (P-net), marketable yield, while canopy temperature (CT) and WUE were increased. Results indicated that KPF under DI effectively enhanced the physiological activities and marketable yield production, while reduced sunscald fruits and those with blossom-end rot symptoms (unmarketable yield), particularly under 60%DWA, but it did not compensate the negative effects under 80%DWA. Also, the effect was null under non-limiting water conditions. Generally, P had no significant effects under different water stress severities. Under 60%DWA, application of KPF increased the marketable yield to 93% of the unstressed-unsprayed plants, while conserving 25% of irrigation water, leading to an increase in WUE by 26.24% with respect to unstressed-unsprayed plants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The implications of grape berry transpiration for the ripening process and final grape composition were studied. An experiment was conducted, under controlled conditions, with fruit‐bearing cuttings ...of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo. Three doses of the antitranspirant di‐1‐p‐menthene were applied directly to the bunch at the onset of veraison: 1%, 5%, and 10% (v/v) (D1, D5, and D10, respectively). A treatment with bunches sprayed with water (D0) was also included as a control. Grape and bunch transpiration, and total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation rate decreased as the dose of antitranspirant increased, thus resulting in the lengthening of the ripening period. Bunch transpiration rates were linearly correlated with the elapsed time between veraison and maturity, and with the TSS accumulation rate. The evolution of pH, malic acid and total skin anthocyanins during ripening did not show remarkable changes as a consequence of the artificially reduced bunch transpiration. However, a decoupling between TSS and anthocyanins was observed. At maturity, the bunches treated with D10 had significantly lower must acidity and higher pH and extractable anthocyanin levels, these differences being likely associated with the lengthening of the ripening period. The results show a clear implication of grape transpiration for the ripening process and final grape composition, and give new hints on the direct application of antitranspirants to the bunch as a way to regulate sugar accumulation while avoiding the concurrent delay of color development.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Drought causes crop losses worldwide, and its impact is expected to increase as the world warms. This has motivated the development of small-molecule tools for mitigating the effects of drought on ...agriculture. We show here that current leads are limited by poor bioactivity in wheat, a widely grown staple crop, and in tomato. To address this limitation, we combined virtual screening, x-ray crystallography, and structure-guided design to develop opabactin (OP), an abscisic acid (ABA) mimic with up to an approximately sevenfold increase in receptor affinity relative to ABA and up to 10-fold greater activity in vivo. Studies in
reveal a role of the type III receptor
for the antitranspirant efficacy of OP. Thus, virtual screening and structure-guided optimization yielded newly discovered agonists for manipulating crop abiotic stress tolerance and water use.
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•FA-AT controlled the sugar of grapes and alcohol of wines.•FA-AT improved the total tannin and individual flavanols in CS grape and wine.•The increased volatiles in CS grape and wine ...can contribute to fruity and floral aroma.•The reduction of anthocyanins by FA-AT did not affect the tonality of wine.•Sensory analysis revealed the treated wines presented advantageous characteristics.
This study investigated the effects of foliar application of fulvic acid antitranspirant (FA-AT) on Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Riesling grapes and wines in a warm viticulture region of China. FA-AT controlled the contents of total soluble solids, fructose and glucose in mature grapes and alcohol in wines. FA-AT improved total phenols and flavonoids in Riesling grapes, and total tannin and individual flavanols in CS grapes and wine, while reducing total individual phenolic acids and flavonols in CS wine. Increased volatiles in CS grapes (hexyl acetate, linalool) and wine (isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol) detected by SPME–GC–MS can contribute to the fruity and floral aroma. FA-AT reduced the accumulation of anthocyanins in CS grapes and wine without an eventual reduction in the tonality of wine by sensory analysis, and improved the taste and balance of Riesling wine. Overall, FA-AT can improve the quality of grapes and wines produced in warm viticulture regions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Topische Aluminiumsalze werden häufig gegen übermäßiges axilläres Schwitzen verwendet. Über ihr anhidrotisches Potenzial in der Leistengegend ist dagegen weniger bekannt. ...Diese Studie vergleicht die anhidrotische Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines Aluminiumchlorid‐basierten mit dem eines innovativen Aluminiumlactat‐basierten Antitranspirants bei gesunden Probanden mit übermäßigem axillären und inguinalen Schwitzen.
Teilnehmer und Methodik
Fünfzig Teilnehmer wurden in diese offene, randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie eingeschlossen. Nach der Eingangsuntersuchung wurde die Wirksamkeit zu zwei Zeitpunkten während der Studie durch vier physiologische Parameter (pH‐Wert, transepidermaler Wasserverlust, Gravimetrie, Minor‐Test) und zwei Fragebögen (Dermatology Life Quality Index, Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale) analysiert. Die Verträglichkeit wurde mit Symptomtagebüchern evaluiert.
Ergebnisse
Beide Studienpräparate waren vergleichbar wirksam hinsichtlich der Reduktion des axillären und inguinalen Schwitzens und zeigten eine zunehmende Wirksamkeit im Laufe der Zeit. In beiden Behandlungsarealen wies das Aluminiumlactat‐basierte Antitranspirant ein günstigeres Verträglichkeitsprofil auf als das Aluminiumchlorid‐basierte.
Schlussfolgerungen
Aufgrund der vergleichbaren Wirksamkeit und der – insbesondere in der Leistengegend – besseren Verträglichkeit unterstützt diese Studie die Verwendung von topischem Aluminiumlactat als Therapieoption erster Wahl zur Kontrolle übermäßigen axillären und inguinalen Schwitzens.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Agricultural productivity in rain-fed crops has been threatened in recent decades due to increased instances of drought and diminishing freshwater resources. This has led to the development of novel ...chemical and genetic approaches for improving plant water use efficiency. Agrochemical water-banking with the aid of synthetic mimics of phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is one such approach, whereby plant transpiration can be chemically tuned to ensure water availability during critical stages of growth. Here, we describe the use of infrared thermography, a noninvasive quantitative technique to evaluate antitranspirant efficacy of existing ABA receptor agonists in crops such as wheat and tomato.
A field experiment was carried out at a private Farm in Rowad Village belong to Sahl El-Husseiniya, Sharkia Governorate during the two growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of organic ...fertilization (crushed rice straw "CRS" treated with urea at levels of 120 or 240 Kg and composted 90 days) and foliar spraying with some antitranspirants (magnesium carbonate and Kaolin) on vegetative growth, yield and its components as well as chemical constituents of eggplant either leaves or fruits c.v Black Beauty cultivar grown under saline soil conditions. The experiment was carried out by using split-plots system in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main-plots were arranged with organic fertilization treatments. While, the sub-plots assigned to foliar spraying with some antitranspirants compounds. The obtained results of this investigation can be summarized as follows: -Vegetative growth, yield , its components and chemical constituents of either the leaves or in the fruits of eggplant were significantly influenced by different crushed rice straw (CRS) levels treated with urea and fermented 90 days in the both seasons. The maximum values of these characters were produced from using crushed rice straw at 4.8 t/ha and mixed with 240 kg urea 46% N, followed by using creshed rice straw at 2.4 t/ha mixed with 120 kg urea 46% N in both seasons. -Foliar spraying eggplant plants with magnesium carbonate at 2% and Kaolin at 2% as antitranspirants compounds significantly improved vegetative growth, the yield and its components as well as the chemical constituents either in the leaves or in the fruits compared with the control treatment during both seasons. The highest values of these traits were resulted by using Kaolin at 2% in both seasons. -The favourable results of growth, yield and its components as well as the chemical constituents in the leaves or the fruits were obtained from treatment of the interaction between using crushed rice straw at 4.8 t/ha mixed with 240 kg urea 46% N and foliar spraying with Kaolin at 2%, which gave the highest results. For that, it could be recommended that using crushed rice straw at the rate of 4.8 t/ha and mixed with 240 kg urea 46% N which composted 90 days and adding it befor transplanting and foliar spraying the eggplant plants grown under saline soil conditions with Kaolin at 2% three times starting at 25 days after transplanting and repeated every 15 days intervals to enhance vegetative growth characters, yield and its components as well as the chemical constituents of eggplant fruits under the environmental condition of this research i.e soil salinty.
Viticulture is widely practiced in dry regions, where the grapevine is greatly exposed to water stress. Optimizing plant water use efficiency (WUE) without affecting crop yield, grape and wine ...quality is crucial to limiting use of water for irrigation and to significantly improving viticulture sustainability. This study examines the use in vineyards of particle film technology (engineered kaolin) and compares it to a film-forming antitranspirant (pinolene), traditionally used to limit leaf water loss, and to an untreated control. The trial was carried out under field conditions over three growing seasons, during which moderate to very severe plant water stress (down to -1.9 MPa) was measured through stem water potential. Leaf stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis rate (An) were measured during the seasons and used to compute intrinsic WUE (WUEi, defined as An/gs ratio). Leaf temperature was also recorded and compared between treatments. Bunch quantity, bunch and berry weight, sugar accumulation, anthocyanin and flavonoid contents were measured. Finally, microvinifications were performed and resultant wines subjected to sensory evaluation.Results showed that the use of kaolin increased grapevine intrinsic WUE (+18% on average as compared to unsprayed vines) without affecting berry and bunch weight and quantity, or sugar level. Anthocyanin content increased (+35%) in kaolin treatment, and the wine was judged more attractive (p-value <0.05) and slightly more appreciated (p-value < 0.1) than control. Pinolene did not increase WUEi, limiting An more than gs; grapes with this treatment contained lower sugar and anthocyanin content than control, and the obtained wine was the least appreciated. This study demonstrates that particle film technology can improve vine WUEi and wine quality at the same time, while traditional antitranspirants were not as effective for these purposes. This positive effect can be used in interaction with other already-demonstrated uses of particle film technology, such as pest control and sunburn reduction, in order to achieve more sustainable vineyard management.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Film antitranspirants (e.g. di‐1‐p‐menthene) and metabolic antitranspirants (e.g. exogenous ABA) can be used to protect grain crops from drought, particularly during reproductive development. Here, ...we compared effects of di‐1‐p‐menthene (1.0 L/ha) and exogenous ABA (100 µM) on well‐watered and droughted spring wheat in two glasshouse experiments. Progressive drought was imposed in the first experiment, controlled drought in the second, both from flag leaf emergence. Antitranspirants were applied at flag leaf emergence, except in the controlled drought experiment where additional ABA applications were made at four further stages up to anthesis‐complete. Measurements were taken for endogenous ABA, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis during reproductive development, and yield components at maturity. Both progressive and controlled drought elevated leaf ABA, less so in di‐1‐p‐menthene‐treated plants, whereas in exogenous ABA‐treated plants leaf ABA was elevated further. Overall, both antitranspirants improved yield under reproductive‐stage drought, more so for controlled drought. Grain yield was negatively associated with reproductive‐stage leaf ABA concentration except that raising leaf ABA concentration with multiple exogenous ABA applications was associated with high yield. In conclusion, both antitranspirants generally reduced effects of reproductive‐stage drought on yield despite having contrary effects on leaf ABA.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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