Background:Non-host-adapted Salmonella serovar Typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium, which invades and multiplies within mononuclear phagocytes in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and ...Peyer’s plaques. Salmonella infection is a crucial medical and veterinary problem globally. S. Typhimurium causes various clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic infection to typhoid-like syndromes in infants or highly susceptible animals, for instance mice. Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of anthrax protective antigen (PA)as a potent adjuvant mixed with killed Salmonella Typhimurium (S.T.) to enhance the immunization capacity of the last. Materials and Methods: Two groups of mice were immunized with either the mixture of S.T. and PA or S.T. alone, in addition to a control group immunized with phosphate buffered saline. Skin test and ELISA test were performed to evaluate cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. Results: The mixture group showed the best results in cell-mediated immunity.Furthermore, ELISA reading 14 days from booster dose was higher in the mixture group than S.T. alone. The mixture revealed high Ab titres compared to control or S.T. cohort 53 days from the beginning of immunization.These results were verified by histopathological examination. Conclusions: Our findings suggest anthrax PA as a suitable and robust adjuvant for inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine in mice.
The effect of seasonal variation on anthrax epidemiology in the upper Zambezi floodplain of western Zambia Munang'andu, Hetron Mweemba, Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Banda, Fredrick, Provincial Veterinary Office, Western Province, Mongu, Zambia; Siamudaala, Victor Mukulule, Kavango Zambezi ransfrontier Conservation Area Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana ...
Journal of veterinary science (Suwŏn-si, Korea),
09/2012, Volume:
13, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Anthrax has become endemic throughout the upper Zambezi floodplain located in the Western Province of Zambia over the recent years. To date, no comprehensive study has been carried out to determine ...whether recurrence of anthrax outbreaks may be linked to differences in precipitation and human activities. Retrospective data for the period 1999 to 2007 showed that a total of 1,216 bovine cases of anthrax were reported. During the same period, 1,790 human anthrax cases and a corresponding case fatality rate of 4.63% (83/1,790) was documented in the upper Zambezi floodplain. Occurrence of human cases was highly correlated with cattle outbreaks (r=0.94, p less than 0.001). Differences in precipitation were significantly associated with the occurrence of anthrax outbreaks (χ² = 4.75, p less than 0.03), indicating that the likelihood of outbreaks occurring was higher during the dry months when human occupancy of the floodplain was greater compared to the flooding months when people and livestock moved out of this region. Human dependency on the floodplain was shown to significantly influence the epidemiology of anthrax in the upper Zambezi floodplain of western Zambia. Methods for mitigating anthrax outbreaks by disrupting the cycle of transmission are herein highlighted.
Antrax is an acute infectious disease, characterised by heavy intoxication, specific pustules both on skin and mucosa, accompanied by edema or appearance of haemorrhagic inflammatory pulmonary and ...intestinal changes, and in the most severe cases by septicaemia. Antrax is spread worldwide, especially in countries with developed cattle raising. The main cause of this disease is Bacillus Anthracis, gram positive bacteria very resistent in outside enviroment, especially its sporogenic form witch can survive from 30 to 50 years. Antrax bacillus secrets three toxins (edema toxin, protective toxin and lethal toxin). For the appearance of this disease the associated effect of all three factors is necessary. The aim of our research is to present the skin form of antrax, complicated by secundary intrahospital infection.
Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in ...Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1,626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease.
To study the ability of recombinant protective antigen (PA) to stimulate adaptive immune response in laboratory animals. Vaccine, recombinant, and reference strains of Bacillus anthracis were used in ...the study. Laboratory animals were immunized subcutane-ously with two dosesof antigenic preparation orone dose of B.anthracis strain. After inoculation with reference strain of B.anthracis, measurement of LD50 as well as indexes of immunity was performed by specified methods. It was revealed that asporogenic recombinant strain has stable biological characteristics during passages in vitro and is effective producer of PA. Using 2-stage chromatography, highly purified protein was obtained. Experiments on different biomodels — BALB/c mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits — demonstrated high protective activity of PA obtained from asporogenic producer. Increase of immunity index was noted when EA1 protein from S-layer was added to preparation for immunization. Immunity indexes determined in experiments on laboratory animals point to high protective efficacy of recombinant PA. Further studies of its interaction with macroorganism's innate and adaptive immunity systems are promising
Изучение способности рекомбинантного протективного антигена (ПА) вызывать развитие адаптивного иммунитета у лабораторных животных. В работе использовали вакцинный, генно-инженерные и тест-заражающие штаммы Bacillus anthracis. Лабораторных животных иммунизировали подкожно двукратно антигенными препаратами или однократно штаммами В. anthracis. После заражения тест-культурой возбудителя сибирской язвы проводили определение ЛД50 и индексов иммунитета регламентированными способами. Установлено, что аспорогенный рекомбинантный штамм при пассировании in vitro стабильно сохраняет биологические свойства и является эффективным продуцентом ПА. С использованием двухэтапной хроматографии достигнута высокая степень очистки белка. Эксперименты на различных биомоделях—мышах линии BALB/c, морских свинках и кроликах показали высокую протективную активность ПА, полученного из аспорогенного продуцента. Отмечено увеличение индекса иммунитета при добавлении в иммунизирующий препарат белка S-слоя — ЕА1. Определенные в экспериментах на лабораторных животных значения индексов иммунитета свидетельствуют о высокой рекомбинантного ПА. Перспективно дальнейшее исследование его взаимодействия с системами врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета макроорганизма
Three Anthrax cases in an ewes flock Aytekin, İ., Mustafa Kemal Univ., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay (Turkey). Div. of Internal Medicine; Özkan, A., Dinar District Directorate of Agriculture, Afyon (Turkey)
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi dergisi,
(2010), Volume:
21, Issue:
1
Journal Article
In this scientific presentation it was aimed to report about Bacillus anthracis infection in three ewes occurred in Belenpınar Village of Dinar district in Afyonkarahisar city. Three ewes in the ...tremors, respiratory difficulties, blood urination, bloody diarrhea, abdominal edema animal has been observed for the disease has been reported to the District Directorate of Agriculture. It was determined that there were faltering, aasmus, not being able to stand, dither, asthenia, fever, bloody urination, bloody diarrhea and edema in abdomen and inguinal areas in sheep as a result of clinical examination. It was thought that there might be anthrax as a result of clinical examination. Therefore blood samples and blood froties were sent to Veterinerian Control and Examination Institution in Konya. In conclusion, it was estimated that the anthrax in ewes, which shows symptoms fever, edema and bleeding in rectum, must be taken into consideration.
Bu olgu sunumunda Afyonkarahisar'ın Dinar İlçesine bağlı Belenpınar Köyünde karşılaşılan üç koyunda Bacillus anthracis enfeksiyonun bildirilmesi amaçlandı. Üç koyunda titreme, solunum güçlüğü, kan işeme, kanlı ishal, karın bölgesinde ödemle seyreden hastalık görüldüğünü hayvan sahibi İlçe Tarım Müdürlüğüne bildirilmiştir. Klinik muayenede koyunlarda sendeleme, solunum güçlüğü, ayakta duramama, titreme, halsizlik, ateş, kan işeme, kanlı ishal, karın ve inguinal bölgede ödem belirlendi. Klinik muayeneler sonucu anthrax olabileceği düşünülerek hastalanan koyundan alınan kan frotisi Konya Veteriner Kontrol ve Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğüne gönderildi ve bakteriyolojik incelemede Bacillus anthracis tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak yüksek ateş, ödem ve rectumdan kan geldiği görülen koyunlarda anthrax'ın göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği kanısına varıldı.
Bioterrorismo: Antrax Gustavo Adolfo Ospina Tascon
Revista de la Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca,
10/2001, Volume:
3, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Open access
La historia del mundo se ha formado alrededor de diferentes conflictos bélicos y conforme se han logrado avances tecnológicos que mejoran la calidad de vida, Igualmente se han ‘perfeccionado’ las ...formas de agredir a sus semejantes. Las guerras en las que el honor era el principal valor para los combatientes, quedaron definitivamente en el pasado y se pasó en cambio a buscar una mayor destrucción del enemigo a cualquier precio. De esta forma, en este artículo se presenta como el bacillus anthracis a sido utilizado como potencial arma biológica en laboratorios de investigación militar, su fisiopatología y las recomendaciones en la prevención y tratamiento dadas por el Center For Disease Control Prevention (CDC) de Atlanta, Estados Unidos, en los comunicados publicado semanalmente en el Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
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