•Leaf area density (LAD) is closely tied to critical forest processes.•LAD estimates inform management decisions related to forest health and resilience.•LiDAR point clouds from two common sensors ...(NASA G-LiHT & NEON AOP) were compared.•At coarser spatial resolutions, there were minimal differences in LAD estimates.•Open-source and reproducible methodology is provided as an R package (canopyLazR).
Forest processes that play an essential role in carbon sequestration, such as light use efficiency, photosynthetic capacity, and trace gas exchange, are closely tied to the three-dimensional structure of forest canopies. However, the vertical distribution of leaf traits is not uniform; leaves at varying vertical positions within the canopy are physiologically unique due to differing light and environmental conditions, which leads to higher carbon storage than if light conditions were constant throughout the canopy. Due to this within-canopy variation, three-dimensional structural traits are critical to improving our estimates of global carbon cycling and storage by Earth system models and to better understanding the effects of disturbances on carbon sequestration in forested ecosystems. In this study, we describe a reproducible and open-source methodology using the R programming language for estimating leaf area density (LAD; the total leaf area per unit of volume) from airborne LiDAR. Using this approach, we compare LAD estimates at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Maryland, USA, from two airborne LiDAR systems, NEON AOP and NASA G-LiHT, which differ in survey and instrument specifications, collections goals, and laser pulse densities. Furthermore, we address the impacts of the spatial scale of analysis as well as differences in canopy penetration and pulse density on LAD and leaf area index (LAI) estimates, while offering potential solutions to enhance the accuracy of these estimates. LAD estimates from airborne LiDAR can be used to describe the three-dimensional structure of forests across entire landscapes. This information can help inform forest management and conservation decisions related to the estimation of aboveground biomass and productivity, the response of forests to large-scale disturbances, the impacts of drought on forest health, the conservation of bird habitat, as well as a host of other important forest processes and responses.
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Pandemics, Disasters, Sustainability, Tourismexamines the resilience of Caribbean SIDS and their tourism industries from the perspectives of culture, economy, environment, politics, psychology, ...social justice, and socio-historical context.
The existing body of research on the platform economy provides a variety of interpretations of platform labor. Nevertheless, current studies have either placed exchange rather than production at the ...core of their interpretations or overlooked the historical continuity of the type of labor to which platform labor belongs. Employing a historical-comparative approach, this article introduces the concept of “cross-boundary subsumption” to illuminate the characteristics of platform labor. Drawing insights from investigations and interviews conducted on ride-hailing platforms in China from 2018 to 2020, this article delves into how cross-boundary subsumption works in reality. The goal is to improve the understanding of platform labor and uncover the limits of the current models of the platform economy.
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This essay reviews the following works:
Dealing with Peace: The Guatemalan Campesino Movement and the Post-Conflict Neoliberal State.
By Simon Granovsky-Larsen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, ...2019. Pp. viii + 275. $70.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781487501433.
Ladina Social Activism in Guatemala City, 1871–1954.
By Patricia Harms. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2020. Pp. xii + 409. $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826361455.
Religious Transformation in Maya Guatemala: Cultural Collapse and Christian Pentecostal Revitalization.
Edited by John P. Hawkins. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research, 2021. Pp. xxv + 448. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826362254.
Human and Environmental Justice in Guatemala.
Edited by Stephen Henighan and Candace Johnson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018. Pp. v + 263. $36.95 paper. ISBN: 9781487522971.
Guatemala’s Catholic Revolution: A History of Religious and Social Reform, 1920–1968.
By Bonar L. Hernández Sandoval. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2018. Pp. xiv + 254. $50.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780268104412.
Cuando el indio tomó las armas: La vida de Emeterio Toj Medrano.
By Emeterio Toj Medrano and Rodrigo Véliz Estrada. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2021. Pp. 504. $354.00 paper. ISBN: 9786073043175.
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Resumen
A pesar de su abarcadora influencia,
La ciudad letrada
de Ángel Rama (1984) ha sido sometida en los últimos años a una intensa crítica que ha cuestionado la relación demasiado unívoca que el ...argumento planteaba entre escritura y poder, así como su exclusión de las formas de alfabetización indígena, mestiza y afrodescendiente. El presente trabajo parte de estos debates para, revisando la obra crítica y los epistolarios de Rama, ofrecer una nueva genealogía intelectual del concepto que daba título al libro póstumo. En particular, se rescata el ensayo de 1980 donde Rama se refirió por primera vez a la
ciudad letrada
, titulado “La señal de Jonás sobre el pueblo mexicano”. La relectura del libro en diálogo con este trabajo previo nos permitirá ver que la idea de ciudad letrada no aspiraba a describir la totalidad de la realidad cultural de la América colonial, sino uno de los polos que la tensionan, uno de los lados de un conflicto cultural. “La señal de Jonás” ofrece una visión significativamente diferente de la ciudad colonial, donde la fuerza cultural de una plebe urbana y multirracial desafía los muros de la ciudad letrada y alcanza a penetrar la práctica intelectual de algunos de sus guardianes. Frente al pesimismo de
La ciudad letrada
, late en “La señal de Jonás” un utopismo similar al de
Transculturación narrativa en América Latina
respecto a las potencialidades políticas y estéticas de esa cultura urbana popular de raigambre colonial.
Abstract
Despite its far-reaching influence, Ángel Rama’s
La ciudad letrada
(1984) has been amply criticized in recent years for positing a too-rigid and univocal relationship between writing and power, as well as for the argument’s disregard of indigenous, mestizo, and Afro-descendant forms of literacy. This article takes these debates as the starting point for a new intellectual genealogy of the concept—the lettered city—through a thorough review of Rama’s earlier critical work and epistolary writing. In particular, I revisit the 1980 essay in which Rama referred for the first time to the lettered city, “La señal de Jonás sobre el pueblo mexicano.” A rereading of the posthumous book in dialogue with the previous work allows us to see that the idea of the lettered city did not aspire to describe the totality of the cultural reality of colonial America, but rather one of the poles that puts it in tension, one side of a cultural conflict. “La señal de Jonás” offers a significantly different vision of the colonial city, where the cultural force of an urban and multiracial plebs defies the walls of the lettered city and manages to penetrate the intellectual practice of some of its guardians. In contrast to the pessimism of
La ciudad letrada
, “La señal de Jonás” entails a kind of utopianism regarding the political and aesthetic potentialities of that popular urban culture that is ultimately similar to that of
Transculturación narrativa en América Latina
.
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This article examines the Xi Jinping–era stability maintenance behemoth called “Safe China.” Safe China is a regime of activities that integrates “public order” policing and surveillance with “social ...governance.” It is linked to the Chinese Communist Party’s “Overall National Security Outlook” and its main task is “political security.” Our analysis of Safe China recognizes integration as its main animating principle. Three elements of Safe China—its ideological rationale, its on-the-ground public order and social governance mechanisms, and the party’s absolute leadership over its operation at the grassroots—are conducive to this integration process. Ultimately, through Safe China, the party is seeking to modernize its own governance capacity and embed its leadership more fully into grassroots society, to ensure long-lasting “peace and safety,” not only for the nation but for itself.
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Abstract Migration is deeply gendered, yet little is known about the lived experiences of displaced women or how they manage their reproductive health challenges. Here, we explore the meaning of ...sexual and reproductive health for displaced Venezuelan women in Brazil, using photovoice. This methodology revealed that women interpret ‘sexual and reproductive health’ in ways that go beyond medicalised understandings and include concerns more usually associated with ‘social reproduction’ or care work. Caring, for Venezuelan migrant women, is complex: many take comfort from their roles as carers, but they also experience depletion and anxiety. Our research suggests the need for wider understandings of what reproductive health in displacement means and for support for migrant women that goes beyond addressing their biological reproductive roles.
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Resumen
Este artículo analiza la propuesta teórica del posjudaísmo articulada por el proyecto YOK en respuesta a la crisis del judaísmo institucionalizado en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Contrario a ...cualquier forma de pensar lo judío en términos tradicionales y normativos, el proyecto posjudío se planteó como una deconstrucción capaz de derribar los muros del judaísmo tradicional y, con el mismo movimiento, dar voz a aquellos judíos que no encuentran acomodo en las infraestructuras institucionales de la comunidad. Nuestra hipótesis es que su arquitectura conceptual, cuyo objetivo es conseguir la total liberación de las formas identitarias judías, termina legitimando una nueva servidumbre, esta es: la adaptación de lo identitario a la fluidez del mercado. Para demostrarlo, me detendré en reflexionar sobre cómo el posjudaísmo repiensa, desde el andamiaje de las filosofías posmodernas, la comunidad tradicional con el fin de proponer un judaísmo en las antípodas de este, un judaísmo basado en un trabajo de autocreación incesante que apele a lo plural, a lo abierto y a lo emancipado de toda norma y de todo dogma. Esto me permitirá demostrar cómo la autocreación es fruto de las dinámicas posmodernas de transformación de la subjetividad cimentadas sobre la emoción y la individualidad creadora.
Abstract
This article analyzes the theory of post-Judaism proposed by Darío Sztajnszrajber in response to the crisis of institutionalized Judaism in Buenos Aires (Argentina). Contrary to any traditional and regulatory concept of Jewishness, the post-Judaism project is considered a deconstruction that is able to bring down the walls of traditional Judaism and, at the same time, give voice to those Jews who are not accommodated by the institutional infrastructures of the community. I hypothesize that this conceptual architecture aims to liberate the Jewish identity and legitimize a new form of servitude: adapting identity to market fluidity. To demonstrate this, I reflect on how post-Judaism rethinks the traditional community from the postmodern philosophical framework to propose a Judaism of contradictions, a Judaism based on a constant work of self-creation that appeals to pluralism, openness, and freedom from any regulation or dogma. This strategy allows me to demonstrate how self-creation leads to radical narcissism, a result of the postmodern dynamics of transformation of subjectivity founded on emotion and creative individuality.
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What explains variation in the adoption of cannabis regulation reforms, both for medical and recreational purposes, across Latin America? This article argues that social mobilisation is essential to ...understand where debates for reform emerge and become stronger. Yet it further contends that policy adoption depends on the existence of pro‐reform elite political coalitions. These coalitions in turn depend on whether drug policy becomes a legislative priority and on specific conditions of the party system. The article compares four countries that show variation in the timing and content of reform: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
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Mitigation of greenhouse gases requires a precise knowledge of their sources at both global and regional scales. With improving measurement techniques, in situ δ(13C,CH4) records are analysed in a ...growing number of studies to characterise methane emissions and to evaluate inventories at regional and local scales. However, most of these studies cover short time periods of a few months, and the results show a large regional variability. In this study, a 6-year time record of in situ δ(13C,CH4), measured with a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyser in Heidelberg, Germany, is analysed to obtain information about seasonal variations and trends of CH4 emissions. The Keeling plot method is applied to atmospheric measurements on different timescales, and the resulting source contributions are used to evaluate the CH4 emissions reported by two emission inventories: the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v6.0) and the inventory of the State Institute for the Environment Baden-Württemberg (LUBW). The mean isotopic carbon source signature for the Heidelberg catchment area derived from atmospheric measurements is (-52.3±0.4) ‰ and shows an annual cycle with 5.8 ‰ more depleted values in summer than in winter. This annual cycle can only be partly explained by seasonal variations in the 13C-enriched emissions from heating and reveals strong seasonal variations in biogenic CH4 emissions in the Heidelberg catchment area, which are not included in EDGAR v6.0. The comparison with emission inventories also shows that EDGAR v6.0 overestimates the CH4 emissions from less depleted sources. In situ CH4 isotope analysers at continental and urban monitoring stations can make an important contribution to the verification and improvement of emission inventories.
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