There have been several investigations to understand the impact of Saharan dust layer on radiative heat balance. However, there are few studies on the impact of dust over Asian regions which is ...unique in aerosol perspective because of co‐existence of natural and anthropogenic aerosols. Here, we examine the surface cooling and lower atmospheric warming (and hence heating rate) due to dust over Afro‐Asian regions using collocated data from METEOSAT (of ESA) and MODIS (of NASA). Large reduction of surface reaching solar radiation as much as 10 to 15 W m−2 due to dust was observed simultaneous with a lower atmospheric warming of 0.3 to 0.5 K/day. During local noon warming was as large as 3K over desert regions. The large dust heating at source regions and its impact over ocean due to transported dust raises several issues which need to be understood.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Bedeutung der Erwärmung der Kryosphäre seit dem Ende der Kleinen Eiszeit (LIA) für die räumliche Verbreitung von Muranrissen in einem zentralalpinen Gebiet der ...Ostalpen untersucht. Vor dem Hintergrund der atmosphärischen Erwärmung verursachte hier insbesondere die Degradation von Permafrost bodenmechanische Instabilitäten. Im Untersuchungsgebiet, dem Naturpark Rieserferner-Ahrn in Südtirol lässt sich zeigen, dass mehr als die Hälfte der Muranrisse in Lockergesteinen auftreten, unter anderem in Moränen- und Hangschuttablagerungen, die vor rund 150 Jahren noch durch Gletschereis und Permafrost stabilisiert waren.
In this research, we studied the effects of black carbon (BC) aerosol radiative forcing on seasonal variation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) using numerical simulations with the NASA finite-volume ...General Circulation Model (fvGCM) forced with monthly varying three-dimensional aerosol distributions from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport Model (GOCART). The results show that atmospheric warming due to black carbon aerosols subsequently warm the atmosphere and land surfaces, especially those over Eurasia. As a result, the snow depth in Eurasia was greatly reduced in late winter and spring, and the reduction in snow cover decreased the surface albedo. Our surface energy balance analysis shows that the surface warming due to aerosol absorption causes early snow melting and further increases surface-atmosphere warming through snow/ice albedo feedback. Therefore, BC aerosol forcing may be an important factor affecting the snow/ice albedo in the NH.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil), which are the raw materials for energy, play an effective and determining role in energy planning, the development of countries, and then sustainability of ...them. When the global and regional geographies are evaluated from the geo-strategic and geo-political point of view, it is clearly seen that among all fossil fuels, coal is distributed more "equally" in ratio than oil and natural gas reserves and that it is gradually gaining importance for the countries that do not have energy resources or that have limited ones or have resources on the verge of exhaustion. When the latest innovations in environmentally-friendly technologies in the field of burning-storing CO
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emission in thermal power plants besides the principle of "sustainable development" are also added to this situation, it is an undeniable fact that the coal will continue to be a significant primary energy resource in the future, though to a limited extent, both in Turkey and around the world. In this study, in order to be able to detect numerically the impact of CO
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resulting from the fossil fuel consumption on global warming and the process of climate change; a numerical evaluation on a global scale has been given by associating the "total primary energy supply"-"CO
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emission" of the total 136 countries in 2005 together with such basic indicators as "total primary energy supply/capita"-"ton CO
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/capita." The potential CO
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emission for the year 2030 has been estimated. Moreover, with the aim of keeping the integrity of the subject studied, the distribution of the thermal power plants working with fossil fuels among geographical regions in Turkey and the relationship between the existence of forests in these regions and average annual increase in temperature (ΔT) between the periods of 1975-1992 and 1993-2006 have also been examined according to the data from a total of 133 macro-climatic meteorological stations within the scope of this study.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
A review is provided of ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiative transfer in an atmosphere-sea-ice-ocean system with emphasis on the basic physical principles involved rather than on ...mathematical/numerical techniques. To illustrate the application of the theory, a few examples are provided. First, we provide a comparison of two different models for radiation penetration into the open ocean, which for a given set of input parameters give identical results. Thus, for a stratified atmosphere-ocean system, our ability to model the transfer of UV radiation and visible light appears to be limited as much by reliable information about the inherent optical properties of marine constituents as by our ability to accurately solve the radiative transfer equation. Second, we discuss a comparison between measured and modeled radiative transfer results in an atmosphere-sea ice-ocean system, which reveals that accurate transmittances as well as accurate values for the radiative energy deposition versus depth can be calculated. Third, we review results of a study showing that multiple scattering in a highly scattering medium such as sea ice gives rise to a marked enhancement of the downward irradiance across the atmosphere-sea ice interface. Finally, we review a recent study in which the modeled radiation field is used to illustrate how the primary production in icy polar waters might be influenced by an ozone depletion. Contrary to previous investigations, this study reveals that a 50% ozone depletion might lead to an increase (∼1%) rather than a decrease in primary productivity.
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FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fluctuations of glaciers and ice caps in cold mountain areas have been systematically observed for more than a century in various parts of the world and are considered to be highly reliable ...indications of worldwide warming trends (cf. Fig. 2.39a in IPCC 2001). Mountain glaciers and ice caps are, therefore, key variables for early-detection strategies in global climate-related observations. Advanced monitoring strategies integrate detailed observations of mass and energy balance at selected reference glaciers with more widely distributed determinations of changes in area, volume and length; repeated compilation of glacier inventories enables global representativity to be reached (IAHS(ICSI)/UNEP/UNESCO 1989; 1998; 2001; cf. Haeberli et al. 2000; 2002).
Since prehistoric times, severe weather and climatic conditions have been linked to human transgressions, such as a failed offering to the gods or a violation of a taboo. By the mid-twentieth ...century, scientific evidence seemed to support the connection between widespread disaster and human activities. In particular, nuclear weapons were assumed to wipe out civilization due to blast, heat, and radioactivity. That humans could influence climate conditioned the possibility of a nuclear winter phenomenon. This chapter examines the origin of nuclear winter, with an emphasis on its relationship with ozone depletion. It also discusses the research conducted by Carl Sagan and colleagues at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration using data from the Mariner 9 spacecraft to determine how much atmospheric warming and surface cooling a specified amount of dust from Mars should cause. Finally, it looks at the conference organized by the TTAPS team (comprised of Richard Turco, Owen Brian Toon, Thomas Ackerman, James Pollack, and Sagan) in April 1983 in Cambridge to announce their findings.
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