Abstract
Aviation emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) alter the composition of the atmosphere, perturbing the greenhouse gases ozone and methane, resulting in positive and negative radiative forcing ...effects, respectively. In 1981, the International Civil Aviation Organization adopted a first certification standard for the regulation of aircraft engine NO
x
emissions with subsequent increases in stringency in 1992, 1998, 2004 and 2010 to offset the growth of the environmental impact of air transport, the main motivation being to improve local air quality with the assumed co-benefit of reducing NO
x
emissions at altitude and therefore their climate impacts. Increased stringency is an ongoing topic of discussion and more stringent standards are usually associated with their beneficial environmental impact. Here we show that this is not necessarily the right direction with respect to reducing the climate impacts of aviation (as opposed to local air quality impacts) because of the tradeoff effects between reducing NO
x
emissions and increased fuel usage, along with a revised understanding of the radiative forcing effects of methane. Moreover, the predicted lower surface air pollution levels in the future will be beneficial for reducing the climate impact of aviation NO
x
emissions. Thus, further efforts leading to greater fuel efficiency, and therefore lower CO
2
emissions, may be preferable to reducing NO
x
emissions in terms of aviation’s climate impacts.
항공기 제작 및 운송 기술 발달로 국내 항공산업은 비약적인 발전을 이루었으나, 항공안전 사고는 지속해서 발생하고 있다. 관리 감독기관에서는 위험기반 항공안전데이터를 기반으로 위해 요인과 위험도를 분류하고, 운송사업자별 안전 경향성 파악과 취약분야를 도출하여 사전점검을 수행함으로써 사건·사고를 사전 예방중에 있다. 그러나 자연어 형식으로 기술된 ...항공안전데이터의 휴먼 분류는 지식과 경험, 성향에 따라 서로 다른 분류 결과를 초래하고, 이벤트 내용의 의미 파악 및 분류를 위한 작업에 상당한 시간을 소요케 한다. 이에, 본 논문에서는 KoBERT 모델을 fine-tunning하고 5천 건 이상의 항공안전데이터를 기계학습 시켜 신규 데이터의 분류 값을 예측한 결과 79.2%의 정확성을 보였다. 그리고 유사 이벤트에 대해 동일한 결과 예측과 fail 된 데이터 중 일부는 휴먼 에러에 의한 오류임을 확인할 수 있었다.
Although the domestic aviation industry has made rapid progress with the development of aircraft manufacturing and transportation technologies, aviation safety accidents continue to occur. The supervisory agency classifies hazards and risks based on risk-based aviation safety data, identifies safety trends for each air transportation operator, and conducts pre-inspections to prevent event and accidents. However, the human classification of data described in natural language format results in different results depending on knowledge, experience, and propensity, and it takes a considerable amount of time to understand and classify the meaning of the content. Therefore, in this journal, the fine-tuned KoBERT model was machine-learned over 5,000 data to predict the classification value of new data, showing 79.2% accuracy. In addition, some of the same result prediction and failed data for similar events were errors caused by human.
BACKGROUND: The geographical circumstances, such as mountains and ocean, and specific aviation operations, especially sightseeing, make the state of Hawaii stand out in aviation. These conditions ...support a regional approach to aviation accident analysis.METHODS:Accident
reports of aviation accidents collected from the online National Transportation Safety Board database were used to study a 10-yr time period between 2008 and 2017.RESULTS: There was a significantly higher proportion of fatal accidents during night, dawn, and dusk (6 out of 13) than
during daytime (13 out of 74). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of accidents occurred in diminished light conditions among fixed wing airplanes (11 out of 48) as opposed to other aircraft (2 out of 39), and among twin-engine aircraft (6 out of 12) as opposed to single-engine
aircraft (7 out of 74). Out of seven weight-shift control aviation accidents, four were reported to be fatal; the latter all took place during instruction.DISCUSSION: Light conditions are the main environmental concern in Hawaiian aviation that particularly affect twin-engine fixed
wing aircraft and warrant specific attention in advanced training exercises. Helicopter operations have not exhibited a diminished safety record since the 1990s, showing a lasting effect of a previous safety intervention. A relatively high number of fatal weight-shift control aircraft accidents
requires further research in other parts of the United States.de Voogt AJ, Brause J. A regional approach to aviation accident analysis in Hawaii. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(3):131-134.
Disposal of unlawful interference incidents is essential for is crucial for the advancement of aviation security. Effective emergency disposal requires a comprehensive approach that includes the ...perspectives of airlines, airports, and passengers. In this context, each component of the disposal process can fail randomly. The objective of this research is to optimize emergency disposal decisions to enhance the efficiency of civil aviation operations, reduce accidents, and lower costs. Given the dynamic complexity of unlawful interference incidents, a dynamic fault tree consisting of 26 nodes was constructed to analyze the emergency disposal process. To explore the relationships and priorities of each event, the Dynamic Fault Tree is converted into a dynamic Bayesian network. Based on historical statistical data, simulation analysis is conducted in three aspects: posterior probability, sensitivity, and importance. Simulation results reveal that the top three critical nodes in cabin unlawful interference incidents are “structural damage to the cabin,” “inadequate training by airlines,” and “untimely airport police takeover of disruptive passengers.” Further analysis shows that (1) most of the critical nodes are associated with airlines. (2) The decision-making rationale and pathways of the critical nodes can be clearly observed and prioritized. (3) Besides airlines, other entities such as airports can implement targeted emergency disposal measures. Through quantitative analysis and simulation, this study provides decision-making guidance for participating groups on dynamic emergency disposal, thereby enhancing civil aviation security.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Large numbers of passengers and large amounts of goods are transported by air every year. This attracts the interest of terrorists, which poses high demands on aerodrome security. Technological ...solutions, and rules and regulations, have been widely implemented to detect security threats, but there is also a need for leading security indicators. Safety culture and climate have been identified as such leading indicators. The aim of this study was to develop and test a questionnaire instrument to measure aerodrome security climate. The development contained an expert focus group, expert panel, two pilot tests at four and five airports, respectively, and one full-scale study at nine Swedish commercial airports. The final instrument comprised 12 dimensions grounded in previous safety culture and climate research, and targeting three organizational levels. It had good psychometric properties and was validated against compliant as well as participative security behavior. We believe ADSECQ is suitable to evaluate the aerodrome security climate standard, pinpoint security climate areas for improvement, and evaluate the effect of interventions.