Based on a thorough review of the literature we introduce an integrated conceptualization of work-life balance involving two key dimensions: engagement in work life and nonwork life and minimal ...conflict between social roles in work and nonwork life. Based on this conceptualization we review much of the evidence concerning the consequences of work-life balance in terms work-related, nonwork-related, and stress-related outcomes. We then identify a set of personal and organizational antecedents to work-life balance and explain their effects on work-life balance. Then we describe a set of theoretical mechanisms linking work-life balance and overall life satisfaction. Finally, we discuss future research directions and policy implications.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Why have states throughout history regularly underestimated dangers to their survival? Why have some states been able to mobilize their material resources effectively to balance against threats, ...while others have not been able to do so? The phenomenon of "underbalancing" is a common but woefully underexamined behavior in international politics. Underbalancing occurs when states fail to recognize dangerous threats, choose not to react to them, or respond in paltry and imprudent ways. It is a response that directly contradicts the core prediction of structural realism's balance-of-power theory--that states motivated to survive as autonomous entities are coherent actors that, when confronted by dangerous threats, act to restore the disrupted balance by creating alliances or increasing their military capabilities, or, in some cases, a combination of both.
Consistent with the new wave of neoclassical realist research,Unanswered Threatsoffers a theory of underbalancing based on four domestic-level variables--elite consensus, elite cohesion, social cohesion, and regime/government vulnerability--that channel, mediate, and redirect policy responses to external pressures and incentives. The theory yields five causal schemes for underbalancing behavior, which are tested against the cases of interwar Britain and France, France from 1877 to 1913, and the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870) that pitted tiny Paraguay against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.
Randall Schweller concludes that those most likely to underbalance are incoherent, fragmented states whose elites are constrained by political considerations.
Sagittal balance of the spine Le Huec, J. C.; Thompson, W.; Mohsinaly, Y. ...
European spine journal,
1/9, Volume:
28, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The static sagittal balance of the normal spine is a physiological alignment of the spine in the most efficient manner by the muscular forces. During gait, this balance is constantly thwarted by ...single-foot support. This analysis involves the study of parameters which are now well defined. The pelvic incidence is constant, and the sacral slope and the pelvic tilt are positional. The cervical parameters are the upper (O–C2) and lower cervical curvatures (C2–C7), the C7 slope, the spino-cranial angle and the vertical cervical offset. At the thoracic and lumbar level, they are, respectively, kyphosis and lordosis. The OD-HA (odontoid hip axis) angle is the most efficient parameter to analyse the global balance. The average values of these parameters are reported with the new 3D measurements by Le Huec et al. The relationship between these different parameters was analysed, and Roussouly proposed his classification of the different spine shape. Ageing makes it possible to show compensation mechanisms at three levels: spinal, pelvic and lower limbs. Understanding these different data allows for better planning of the surgical management of the patients. Global evaluation of the entire spine and the measurement of the aforementioned parameters allow to determine the extent of the correction to be performed during surgery. Taking these parameters into account also enables us to understand the complications involved in this type of surgery: transitional syndromes or junctional syndromes. Integration of these parameters into the study of gait is an area still under investigation.
Graphic abstract
These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material .
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Introduo : A presena de restries visuais na infncia leva a desvios e difi - culdades nas habilidades sensrio-motoras. Objetivos : Verificar as respostas do treinamento sensrio-motor no equilbrio e ...coordenao de crianas com defici - ncia visual. Mtodos : Trata-se de um relato de casos no controlado, transversal. A amostra foi composta por duas crianas em idade escolar, com diagnstico oftalmolgico de baixa viso e cegueira total. Foram aplicados o Teste de equil - brio de Berg e o Teste de Coordenao Corporal para Crianas - Bateria de Testes KTK antes e aps 10 atendimentos, durao mdia de 50 minutos, duas vezes na semana. Resultados : Para a Criana 1 observou-se melhora de aproximada - mente 11% para coordenao e 13% no equilbrio; e para a Criana 2 verificou-se aumento de 17% na coordenao, e 6% para o equilbrio. Concluso : O protocolo utilizado trouxe benefcios para o equilbrio e resposta motora destas crianas com deficincia visual.
We review research on work-nonwork balance to examine the presence of the jingle fallacy-attributing different meanings to a single construct label-and the jangle fallacy-using different labels for a ...single construct. In 290 papers, we found 233 conceptual definitions that clustered into 5 distinct, interpretable types, suggesting evidence of the jingle fallacy. We calculated Euclidean distances to quantify the extent of the jingle fallacy and found high divergence in definitions across time and publication outlet. One exception was more agreement recently in better journals to conceptualize balance as unidimensional, psychological, and distinct from conflict and enrichment. Yet, over time many authors have committed the jangle fallacy by labeling measures of conflict and/or enrichment as balance, and disagreement persists even in better journals about the meanings attributed to balance (e.g., effectiveness, satisfaction). To examine the empirical implications of the jingle and jangle fallacies, we conducted meta-analyses of distinct operational definitions of balance with job, life, and family satisfaction. Effect sizes for conflict and enrichment measures were typically smaller than effects for balance measures, providing evidence of a unique balance construct that is not interchangeable with conflict and enrichment. To begin to remedy concerns raised by our review, we propose a definition of work-nonwork balance drawing from theory, empirical evidence from our review, and normative information about how balance should be defined. We conclude with a theory-based agenda for future research.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Precipitation in the high‐altitude Indus basin governs its renewable water resources affecting water, energy and food securities. However, reliable estimates of precipitation climatology and ...associated hydrological implications are seriously constrained by the quality of observed data. As such, quantitative and spatio‐temporal distributions of precipitation estimated by previous studies in the study area are highly contrasting and uncertain. Generally, scarcity and biased distribution of observed data at the higher altitudes and measurement errors in precipitation observations are the primary causes of such uncertainties. In this study, we integrated precipitation data of 307 observatories with the net snow accumulations estimated through mass balance studies at 21 major glacier zones. Precipitation observations are adjusted for measurement errors using the guidelines and standard methods developed under the WMO's international precipitation measurement intercomparisons, while net snow accumulations are adjusted for ablation losses using standard ablation gradients. The results showed more significant increases in precipitation of individual stations located at higher altitudes during winter months, which are consistent with previous studies. Spatial interpolation of unadjusted precipitation observations and net snow accumulations at monthly scale indicated significant improvements in the quantitative and spatio‐temporal distribution of precipitation over the unadjusted case and previous studies. Adjustment of river flows revealed only a marginal contribution of net glacier mass balance to river flows. The adjusted precipitation estimates are more consistent with the corresponding adjusted river flows. The study recognized that the higher river flows than the corresponding precipitation estimates by the previous studies are mainly due to underestimated precipitation. The results can be useful for water balance studies and bias correction of gridded precipitation products for the study area.
This study integrated precipitation data of 307 observatories with the net snow accumulations at 21 glaciers and adjusted them for measurement errors and ablation losses. The adjustments revealed average precipitation increase of 21.3% at the basin level, which ranged from 6 to 77% at sub‐basin scale with highest increases at higher altitudes during winter months. The contribution of net glacier mass balance to river flows is only marginal. Data quality‐driven underestimated precipitation is well‐recognized. Figure shows estimated biases from precipitation gauges due to measurement errors and spatial distribution of error‐adjusted annual precipitation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Physicians must balance career and home responsibilities, yet previous studies on work-life balance are focused primarily on work-based tasks. We examined gender discrepancies and factors related to ...household responsibilities and work-life balance among pediatricians.
We used 2015 data from the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study, a longitudinal study of early-career pediatricians. χ
tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the effects of gender on household responsibilities, satisfaction, and work-life balance attainment. We formally reviewed responses from 2 open-ended questions on work-life balance challenges and strategies for common themes.
Seventy-two percent of participants completed the survey (1293 of 1801). Women were more likely than men to report having primary responsibility for 13 of 16 household responsibilities, such as cleaning, cooking, and routine care of children (all
< .001). All gender differences except budget management remained significant when controlling for part-time work status and spouse or partner work status (
< .05). Women were less satisfied with their share of responsibilities relative to others (52% vs 62%;
< .001), and few women and men report being very successful at achieving balance between their job and other life areas (15% vs 19%, respectively;
= .05). Open-ended responses (
= 1145) revealed many barriers to achieving work-life balance. Strategies to increase work-life balance included reducing work hours, outsourcing household-related work, and adjustments to personal responsibilities and relationships.
Female pediatricians spend more time on household responsibilities than male pediatricians, and gender is a key factor associated with work-life balance satisfaction.
The purpose of this study is to analyze about: (1) the effects of exercise Plank to the increase in the balance; (2) Side Plank exercise influence on the balance; (3). Side effects of exercise on the ...balance Lying Hip Abduction; (4). Oblique Crunch exercise influence on the balance; and (5) differences in the effects of exercise Plank, Side Plank, Side Lying Hip Abduction and Oblique Crunch towards equilibrium. This type of research used in this research is quantitative with quasi-experimental methods. The results showed: (1) a significant difference Plank exercises to increase balance; (2) there is a significant effect on the balance of exercise Side Plank; (3). exercise a significant influence Side Lying Hip Abduction towards equilibrium; (4). exercise a significant influence on the balance Oblique Crunch; and (5) there are differences in the effects of exercise Plank, Side Plank, Side Lying Hip Abduction and Oblique Crunch towards equilibrium. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that an increase in the balance for each experimental group and the control group after training by Plank, Side Plank, Side Lying Hip Abduction and Oblique Crunch seen from the t-test results. There are also differences in the effect of any exercise of the balance.
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