One way the legal system helps to maintain a cooperative society is by establishing and enforcing resource-sharing arrangements. These are "resource-sharing laws." Four insights emerge from exploring ...connections between evolutionary psychology and resource-sharing laws. First, our evolved predispositions to act prosocially and to prefer fair division make it easier to use the law as a tool to share resources. Second, the polygyny prohibition illuminates unique contributions resource-sharing laws can make to the other norms and institutions that facilitate sharing resources. Third, the resource-sharing challenges that arise in hunting big game, a formative endeavor in shaping human behavior, can help to explain the emergence of a predisposition to rely on legal systems to organize social behavior more generally. Fourth, identifying the resource-sharing challenges embedded in market transactions helps to explain the nuanced relationship between prosociality and transactions with strangers. Together these insights demonstrate why law's role as tool to share resources is an important new context in which to explore the role law plays in the development and maintenance of a cooperative society.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The relationship between wild food and food security among human populations is under researched, particularly in the Global North. Much of the food security research does not account for food ...provisioning from hunting and foraging despite the prevalence of such practices in human communities. Here we explore the significance of wild big game harvesting in one of the most economically and food insecure states in the United States, West Virginia. We analyzed harvest data of large mammal species hunted in West Virginia from 2012 to 2017 and compare these data to domesticated meat raised and commercially processed within the state. We also compare the game harvest of West Virginia to the harvests of its five neighboring states; Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and Maryland. Lastly, we analyzed the potential of these harvests to feed food insecure populations in each state. In West Virginia, we estimate that approximately 10 million pounds of game is harvested each year, a figure that significantly exceeds the domesticated red meat raised and processed within the state by 25% annually. The per capita big game harvest in West Virginia was significantly higher than that of all neighboring states and was enough to provide nearly 40% of the state's food insecure population with red meat for an entire year. To our knowledge, this is one of few studies in the North America that attempts to account for the amount of wild food harvested from the landscape within the context food security. We argue that food systems research may benefit from a similar accounting of wild food when addressing issues of food security and availability.
•10 million pounds of wild big game harvested from the West Virginia landscape annually.•West Virginia game harvest exceeds local domesticated red meat production and consumption by 25%.•West Virginia has at least double the per capita rate of game meat available among neighboring states.•Annual game harvest amounts in the region could substantially contribute to red meat food security of vulnerable populations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Sport and recreational marine fishery can significantly contribute to the national budget through its economic and social effects. The main aim of this research is to define the economic and social ...significance of sport and recreational fishing in Croatia through the assessment of the lower limit of its economic value. This is done by analyzing the segments of sport and recreational fishing together with the economic and other activities which are closely related to it. When expressed by the number of stakeholders involved in sport and recreational fisheries and the share in the gross domestic product, it can be concluded that the economic effects of these activities are only slightly lower than in commercial fisheries. This research provides the groundwork for pointing out the basic guidelines of the social significance of sport and recreational marine fishery in Croatia. Hence, it can be noted that sport and recreational fishing in local coastal communities support the overall development of rural areas and the local communities in particular.
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Natural and anthropogenic disturbances may threaten big game migration. Migration corridors span both biophysical and jurisdictional barriers, which create challenges for effective species ...conservation. Though corridor conservation in the Intermountain West of the United States gained traction with the 2018 Secretarial Order that directed the U.S. Department of the Interior to enhance habitat quality within big game winter ranges and identify priority migration corridors in the western U.S., public support and active policies at sub regional scales remain polarized. We surveyed registered voters in Wyoming, USA, to assess perspectives and preferences to conserve land and habitat for big game migration. We used online focus groups and phone surveys to assess attitudes and opinions specific to support for policies that conserve migrations, the believability of interest groups, and the efficacy of conservation messaging frames. Our results show that Wyoming voters favored policies that benefit both humans and big game, associated higher credibility with state agencies than federal agencies, and found messages that specify human‐centered benefits most compelling. We assessed beliefs across demographics, such as political ideology, but found few significant differences. Our work provides insight into dynamic perspectives and preferences for big game corridor conservation among critically affected public, which can aid future research and engagement to advance big game management.
Big game migration corridors span biophysical and jurisdictional boundaries which creates challenges for effective species conservation. We surveyed registered Wyoming voters to assess attitudes regarding big game conservation policies, believability of interest groups, and conservation messaging. Our work provides insight into perspectives for big game corridor conservation.
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Wildlife management is an integral part of forest management, and game animals should be considered an essential part of the forest ecosystem and agroecosystems in which the flow of energy changed ...fundamentally during the 20th century due to the use of fertilisers, pesticides, and modern technologies. An approximately four-fold increase in the production of crops brought with it an increase in the number of ungulates in the world. The tasks of foresters and hunters in wildlife management include creating the best suitable living conditions for animals and mitigating conflicts between forest animals and human activities. This necessitates the creation and implementation of modern land units called Game Management Regions (GMRs) in Poland. This concept was defined in the Polish Hunting Law primarily for managing big game populations. The aim of the GMRs is to ensure year-long management of game populations within their respective ranges. Long-term Hunting Management Plans were developed for each GMR, serving as the basis for adopting management directions, and achieving the desired state of the game population as recorded in the multi-year plan (typically spanning ten years). However, experiences and the current situation reveal several weaknesses in the functioning of these divisions, including rapid changes in the environment, particularly the emergence of barriers like highways and new buildings. This research aimed to develop a method for determining or verifying the boundaries of the GMRs based on objective criteria as a case study hosted by the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Lublin. During the conducted analysis we examined data provided by the Regional Directorate of State Forests (RDSF) in Lublin, including information on the current density of red deer (Cervus elaphus), forest cover, forest patch fragmentation, categories of hunting districts, ecological corridors, as well as existing, under-construction and planned highways and expressways. The boundaries of the GMRs were determined by aggregating hunting districts with similar characteristics using GIS software while considering ecological barriers. The analysis results indicated the need to establish 12 divisions instead of 8, with significant deviations from the previous delimitation. The obtained results underscore the necessity of verifying the boundaries of the GMRs nationwide. Keywords: large-scale game management; big game; Game Management Region; hunting plans
Analyses various documented evidences published by opponents and proponents of wildlife trophy hunting by tourists, in order to determine whether the consequences of trophy hunting, in terms of ...environmental and ecological impact and socio-economic livelihoods, are real or overstated. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
•The site of NMO is a late MP hunting locality on the Upper Jordan River.•Impact fracture study of pointed artefacts demonstrates low velocity weapon use.•Disadvantaging or ambush hunting strategies ...were used in big-game hunting at NMO.•Analysis of DIF with morpho-metric characteristics helps delineate weapon types.•Focusing only on typological points causes loss of important weapon use information.
Examination of the complete assemblage of pointed artefacts from the short-term kill-butchering site of Nahal Mahanayeem Outlet (NMO), Upper Jordan River, enabled the first holistic reconstruction of big-game procurement during the Late Middle Paleolithic in the Levant. The detailed analysis of diagnostic impact fractures (DIF) observed on the artefacts, in conjunction with their morpho-metric characteristics, indicates a predominant use of low velocity weapons such as thrusting and throwing spears (javelins). Reconstruction of NMO hunting techniques was based upon these results in combination with the site landscape features, faunal remains, and ethnographic record. The particularities of spear use recorded for modern hunter-gatherers may explain the relatively low frequency of DIF observed on pointed artefacts from the NMO assemblage and shed light on their techno-typological diversity. The study exemplifies the advantage of combined analysis of projectile damage and morpho-metric characteristics of the points.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Opportunities to hunt big game species such as elk (Cervus canadensis) are often rationed through a lottery permit system when demand for permits exceeds the population's ability to sustain harvest ...levels. We conducted a survey of elk hunters and would‐be elk hunters in the summer of 2016 to compare elk‐hunting constraints among 3 groups of individuals. Groups consisted of 1) individuals who possessed a landowner hunting permit at some point between 2011 and 2016 (Landowner), 2) individuals who did not possess a landowner permit but did possess a general hunting permit between 2011 and 2016 (General), and 3) individuals who had not possessed a Nebraska elk‐hunting permit of any kind between 2011 and 2016 but had attempted to draw a permit from the lottery system at least once during these years (Lottery). We used latent class regression to classify survey participants based on their responses to 7 questions related to constraints to elk hunting that were either experienced (Landowner and General) or perceived (Lottery) on a 5‐point scale (Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree). Probability of latent class membership was estimated for each hunter group. Latent class regression revealed 6 latent classes with Landowner participants most likely to belong to classes who exhibited the least difficulty negotiating all constraints. General and Lottery participants were most likely to fall into classes exhibiting more difficulty negotiating constraints related to interactions with property owners for permissions to hunt on their land. Our findings can assist policy makers and managers with tailoring lottery permit systems, particularly in locations where most of the hunting opportunity is restricted to privately owned land.
Probabilities of latent class membership for three elk‐hunter categories. A = completely unconstrained, B = somewhat unconstrained, C = neither constrained nor unconstrained, D = access constrained, E = access + time + health constrained, F = heavily access constrained.
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Classic methods of stocktaking big game living in a given area have many disadvantages. The main result is the need to ensure appropriate terrain and weather conditions and also require the ...involvement of a large number of people, so-called observers. The development of technology makes it possible to create new stocktaking methods that will not have as many of the above-mentioned disadvantages, while reducing the cost of stocktaking and increasing its accuracy. This paper presents an analysis of the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles, so-called drones, in combination with the observation of game in the infrared wave range with the use of a thermal imaging camera. The paper presents the concept of such a solution, which will of course be further developed. Raids are planned with the use of thermal cameras over areas according to strictly defined transects and subjecting the obtained images to analysis, also with the use of artificial intelligence methods. This article was written as part of the PBL project carried out by a group of students from the Silesian University of Technology under the supervision of dr inż. Arkadiusz Boczkowski.
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