HKUST-1 is a metal-organic framework (MOF) that is widely studied as an adsorbent for COsub.2 capture because of its high adsorption capacity and good COsub.2/CHsub.4 selectivity. However, the ...numerous synthesis routes for HKUST-1 often result in the obtention of MOF in powder form, which limits its application in industry. Here, we report the shaping of HKUST-1 powder via the extrusion method with the usage of bio-sourced polylactic acid (PLA) as a binder. The characterization of the composite was determined by XRD, FTIR, TGA and SEM analyses. The specific surface area was determined from the Nsub.2 adsorption isotherm, whereas the gas adsorption capacities were investigated via measurements of COsub.2 and CHsub.4 isotherms of up to 10 bar at ambient temperature. The material characterization reveals that the composite preserves HKUST-1’s crystalline structure, morphology and textural properties. Furthermore, COsub.2 and CHsub.4 adsorption isotherms show that there is no degradation of gravimetric gas adsorption capacity after shaping and the composite yields a similar isosteric adsorption heat as pristine HKUST-1 powder. However, some trade-offs could be observed, as the composite exhibits a lower bulk density than pristine HKUST-1 powder and PLA has no impact on pristine HKUST-1’s moisture stability. Overall, this study demonstrates the possibility of shaping commercial HKUST-1 powder, using PLA as a binder, into a larger solid-state-form adsorbent that is suitable for the separation of COsub.2 from CHsub.4 with a well-preserved pristine MOF gas-adsorption performance.
The application of biogas digesters in modern life has become more and more extensive. However, the current level of automation in biogas management was too low. and people are afraid of odor and ...dirty when operating biogas fermentation. In order to solve the shortage of modern energy and improve the safety and efficiency of biogas digesters, a temperature and pressure remote intelligent control management system based on STM32 for biogas digesters was designed. This system took STM32 as the main control chip, through the DS18B20 and PMS pressure measurement module for temperature and pressure measurement, combined with ESP 8266 01sWiFi module and cloud platform for data transmission communication and storage, and then displayed to the user by the QT software interface, the remote intelligent control of the biogas digester in the cloud was realized, so that the efficiency and safety management of the biogas digester were could improved. This management system of the biogas digester would promote the energy industry and sustainable development of human beings and facilitated rural revitalization.
In order to promote China's biogas industry development, this paper comprehensively compared the biogas status and related policies between China and Europe and tried to find the shortage and ...potential implications. China has access to abundant biomass resources, with considerable biogas potential and an annual theoretical output of 73.6 billion m3. Household-based biogas digesters coexist with medium and large-scale biogas plants (MLBPs) in China. Although the number of MLBPs in China was almost two times higher than Europe, the annul biogas production yield was only half of those in Europe. In China, biogas is mainly used for heating and cooking, and its power generation capacity is far lower than that in Europe. Overall, biogas industry is more commercialized in Europe than China. In terms of biogas related policies, China has an advantage in quantity, but is weak in their implementation. Biogas related policies in China mainly focus on agricultural and rural development, while in Europe, they are aimed at increasing the utilization of renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, policies in China are mostly filled with encouragement, lacking detailed subsidy schemes and modes, whereas in European countries are more targeted and scientific. Based on the dissimilarity of current status and the disparity in policies, a series of countermeasures and suggestions for the development of the Chinese biogas industry are presented.
•China's biomass sources have lower utilization rate compared to Europe.•Biogas industry in Europe is more industrialized and commercialized than in China.•The related-biogas policy framework of Europe is more mature and perfect.•European biogas policy provide valuable reference for China's biogas development.•China's biogas industry has great potential for development.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Das Ziel ist es, den Anteil des aus den erneuerbaren Energien erzeugten Stroms am Bruttostromverbrauch kosteneffizient auf mindestens 80% bis zum Jahr 2050 zu erhöhen.Dabei kommt der Nutzung von ...Biomasse eine besondere Bedeutung zu, weil diese speicherbar ist und die aus ihr gewonnene Nutzenergie auch dann zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann, wenn die Sonne nicht scheint oder der Wind nicht weht.Eine Art der Nutzung von Biomasse ist die Biogasproduktion. Bei dieser wird die in der Biomasse gebundene Energie durch anaeroben bakteriellen Aufschluss in den Energieträger Methan überführt. Als Grundstoff für diesen Prozess kommen nicht nur Mais oder andere Feldfrüchte in Betracht, sondern auch Gülle und Bioabfall.
Biogas production is an established sustainable process for simultaneous generation of renewable energy and treatment of organic wastes. The increasing interest of utilizing biogas as substitute to ...natural gas or its exploitation as transport fuel opened new avenues in the development of biogas upgrading techniques. The present work is a critical review that summarizes state-of-the-art technologies for biogas upgrading and enhancement with particular attention to the emerging biological methanation processes. The review includes comprehensive description of the main principles of various biogas upgrading methodologies, scientific and technical outcomes related to their biomethanation efficiency, challenges that have to be addressed for further development and incentives and feasibility of the upgrading concepts.
•Data related to the development of commercial biogas upgrading plants are provided.•Physicochemical technologies for biogas upgrade are reviewed.•Biological biogas upgrading technologies are extensively presented.•Incentives and feasibility of biogas upgrading are discussed.•Biomethanation efficiencies from different upgrading technologies are compared.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
By now, there are numerous high-quality studies discussing the incompatibility of the development of renewable energies with the preservation of landscape. However, no further insight is provided as ...to how a holistic spatial integration of renewable energies may be achieved. Yet the ambitious aim of Germany's government of increasing the percentage of energy obtained from renewable energies to 45 % by 2025 and to 60 % by 2035 will lead to an even greater spatial strain on Germany's rural areas as it has been the case so far. Therefore, this study aims to critically investigate the currently established paradigm of site planning for renewable energies using GIS analysis. Based upon the findings, an alternative, holistic concept of site planning will be developed and exemplified.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Italy is one of the leading nations in the biogas sector. Agricultural, landfill, sewage and manure substrates are converted into biogas using anaerobic digestion and, then, into electricity and heat ...by means of properly arranged internal combustion engines. In this study, after an overview of the European context, the authors present the Italian biogas sector status in terms of development trends and factors that favour/block biogas spread. Despite the fact that biogas is a renewable fuel and a consolidate technology, it is mandatory to examine its real costs, biogas composition and engine combustion products. For this purpose, in the present work, the authors selected six in-operation biogas plants fed by different substrates, investigate plants construction and operation costs and measure both biogas and engine emissions compositions. Biogas status analysis shows a high growth rate until the end of 2012 due to generous Government subsidies while, after supports reduction, a continuous depletion of biogas installations is observed. Alongside the development, established supports overlook also the plant size as well as the cost. In fact, the most widespread plant nameplate electric power is 1 MW while its construction cost ranges between 4.2–4.8 millions of Euros. Real on-site measurements show variable biogas composition while engine emissions are comparable with the natural gas ones.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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