A comprehensive guide to the conceptual, mathematical, and implementational aspects of analyzing electrical brain signals, including data from MEG, EEG, and LFP recordings.
A sulfonamide is a functional group that is the basis of several sulfa drugs and thereby are very much important scaffolds in medicinal as well as in synthetic organic chemistry. Recently very ...important methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of sulfonamide. This complex review article covers the recent developments (mainly in the period 2013–2019) of powerful methodologies for the synthesis of sulfonamide compounds, particularly where SO2N(R) moiety is not present in a cyclic structure and their applications in various fields during this period. A critical view of the mechanisms of the developed methodologies together with the scope and limitation of these methods adds an extra dimension to the text.
Display omitted
•Synthesis of Sulfonamide.•A critical view of the mechanisms.•Important sulfa drugs.•Synthetic applications of Sulfonamide.•Biological applications of Sulfonamide.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Display omitted
•Production and functions of Cys in biological systems were introduced.•Recent development of bioanalytical probes for Cys detection was reviewed.•Sensing mechanisms in designing of ...Cys-specific probes were highlighted.•Performance of probes in the discrimination and detection of Cys were discussed.•Challenges and research perspectives for the development of bioanalytical probes for Cys detection were outlined.
Cysteine (Cys), one of three endogenous biothiols, is involved in a variety of biological processes, such as protein and peptide biosynthesis, enzyme active sites and cofactors, and redox balance regulations. An imbalance in the measured levels of Cys, against normative levels of Cys, is implicated in a series of human diseases, so that Cys has been recognized as one of the most important biomarkers in early diagnosis and treatment as well as the monitoring of the stage of diseases. Rapid and accurate quantification of Cys within complex biological systems enables in the advance of future personalized diagnostics and therapies. In the past few years, many Cys-responsive luminescence probes have been developed for the quantitative detection of Cys; studies where the full prepared probe is validifed by investigations in vitro and in vivo. In this review, advances in the development of Cys-responsive luminescence probes, including molecular probes and nanoprobes, are included and discussed in sections corresponding to their response mechanisms. The structure of molecular probes are included; performances of various bioanalytical probes in Cys detection are compared in aspects of excitation/emission wavelengths, detection limits and dynamic ranges, as well as experimental conditions for practical applications. Current challenges and future research directions for designing and preparing new Cys-selective probes are proposed.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Display omitted
•The first paper about multifunctional fluorescent probes for viscosity and analytes simultaneously detection were summarized.•It showed recent research advances in the design of ...structures, spectral information and biological applications of multifunctional probes.•This review will contribute to the investigation of the connection and crosstalk between viscosity and analytes in related diseases and physiological processes.
Viscosity has become increasingly important in biological systems, especially as a major factor in the process of diffusion control. The abnormality of viscosity is closely related to the development of many diseases in the cellular microenvironment. The abnormal viscosity behavior of cells is always accompanied with dramatic changes in the levels of relevant active analytes. Therefore, real-time monitoring of local microviscosity and analytes changes in living cells is of great importance. In comparison to conventional imaging approaches, fluorescence imaging has become a powerful tool to detect microenvironments and analytes in living systems as a result of its excellent sensitivity, non-invasive detection, high selectivity and real-time imaging. For the first time, in this review, we focused on the design strategies, spectral performance, and biological applications of multifunctional probes for the simultaneous detection of viscosity and analytes which were reported in recent years. We categorized and discussed the limitations of the present multifunctional probes, proposed new ideas to overcome and change these limitations. We hope this review will provide new research directions for the development of multifunctional probes, which will contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the development and delivery of new drugs.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Novel plasma-based technologies that offer maximum efficiency at minimal environmental costs are expected to further promote the sustainable societal and economic development. Unique transfer of ...chemical reactivity and energy from gaseous plasmas to water takes place in the absence of any other chemicals, but results in a product with a notable transient broad-spectrum biological activity, referred to as plasma-activated water (PAW). These features make PAW a green prospective solution for a wide range of biotechnology applications, from water purification to biomedicine. Here, we present a succinct review of how novel, efficient methods based on non-equilibrium reactive plasma chemistries can be applied to low-cost natural water sources to produce a prospective product with a wide range of applications while at the same time minimising the process steps and dramatically reducing the use of expensive and/or hazardous reagents. Despite the recent exciting developments in this field, there presently is no topical review which specifically focuses on the underlying physics and chemistry related to plasma-activated water. We focus specifically on the PAW generation, origin of reactive species present in PAW, its related analytical chemistry and potentially different mechanisms that regulate the bio-activities of PAW in different biotech-applications and their roles in determining PAW efficacy and selectivity. We then review recent advances in our understanding of plasma-water interactions, briefly outlining current and proposed applications of PAW in agriculture, food and biomedicine. Finally, we outline future research directions and challenges that may hinder translation of these technologies into real-life applications. Overall, this review will provide much needed insights into the fundamental aspects of PAW chemistry required for optimization of the biochemical activity of PAW and translation of this environment- and human-health-friendly, and energy-efficient strategy into real life applications.
•Peroxynitrite is irreplaceable physiological activator and signaling molecule in living organisms.•A review of oxidized peroxynitrite imaging fluorescent probes based on reactive recognition sites ...and its imaging studies in biological systems.•Systematic conclusion and classification of reaction recognition sites for peroxynitrite fluorescent molecular probes.•This review can provide an empirical reference for the design and synthesis of subsequent ONOO– fluorescent probes.
Peroxynitrite, one of the most active reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RON) species, has been of wide interest because of its high oxidizing and nitrifying properties. As a vital physiological activator and signaling molecule, peroxynitrite (ONOO–) excess can damage proteins, nucleic acids, and amino acids in cells, thus causing inflammation and other serious diseases in living organisms. Fluorescence sensing and fluorescence imaging can label and track a wide range of biological activities and living molecules with excellent temporal and spatial resolution. As a result, many small molecule fluorescent probes have been developed for the detection and treatment of peroxynitrite. However, this interesting and cutting-edge topic has not been systematically summarized so far. Therefore, this review highlights the design strategies, reaction mechanisms, and imaging applications of organic fluorescent probes used for peroxynitrite detection in recent years. In particular, a detailed summary and description of the recognition sites for peroxynitrite (ONOO–) are provided, which can facilitate fresh ideas and inspiration for future research efforts. More meaningfully, we hope that the future developments of fluorescent probes for detecting ONOO– can overcome the current problems, such as limited water solubility, high biological toxicity, etc., and create a superior and safer fluorescent sensing technology.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•The fluorescent probes, chemiluminescent probes and bioluminescent probes for sensing NTRs were reviewed.•The design strategies of those modes were discussed based on different probes.•The ...advantages and drawbacks of those detection modes were discussed.•A prospect for the detection of NTRs activity was proposed.
As one of the most representative hypoxic enzymes, nitroreductases (NTRs) play momentous roles in malignant tumor progression, metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis. They are also a key hallmark of highly aggressive disease in various hypoxic tumor cells. In addition, NTRs participate in essential processes of detoxification, pro-drug activation as well as radiation therapy. Thus, the detection of NTRs has great importance for theranostic and drug development. In this review, we focused on the design principles, sensing mechanisms and biological applications of small-molecule probes for NTRs detection over the past ten years (2010–2020). We also highlighted the challenges and future directions in this rapidly developing field. Significantly, we hope that some insights and inspiration for future research work will be provided to surmount the Achilles’ Heels of the small-molecule probes, such as limited application, for detecting NTRs.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cancer is a leading cause of death and a major health problem worldwide. While many effective anticancer agents are available, the majority of drugs currently on the market are not specific, raising ...issues like the common side effects of chemotherapy. However, recent research hold promise for the development of more efficient and safer anticancer drugs. Quinoxaline and its derivatives are becoming recognized as a novel class of chemotherapeutic agents with activity against different tumors. The present review compiles and discusses studies concerning the therapeutic potential of the anticancer activity of quinoxaline derivatives, covering articles published between July 2013 and July 2018.
Display omitted
•Quinoxaline is a nitrogen containing a heterocyclic compound formed by the fusion of benzene and pyrazine.•Many drug candidates bearing quinoxaline moiety are currently under clinical trials for anticancer therapeutic purposes.•A systematic review on antitumoral activities linked to quinoxaline derivatives was carried out.•This review will be helpful for medicinal chemists in the development of useful anticancer therapeutics.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this review, we briefly summarize the recent advances in small molecule fluorescent probes for monitoring of NO., ONOO– and HNO within 8 years. Moreover, the classifications, design strategies, ...recognition mechanisms and biological applications of three RNS-responsive fluorescent probes are discussed in depth. Particularly, the challenges and further development directions in this hot field of fluorescent imaging are definitely emphasized.
Display omitted
•Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are essential for maintaining homeostasis.•A summary about reported small molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of three RNS (NO, ONOO– and HNO) in living systems.•The design principles, recognition mechanisms and biological applications of the representative examples are discussed in depth.•The review provides a trustworthy reference for the subsequent design, bioimaging and application of RNS-responsive fluorescence probes.
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as a class of vital reactive molecules, are essential for maintaining homeostasis. Among RNS, nitric oxide (NO or NO.), peroxynitrite anion (ONOO–) and nitroxyl (HNO) play crucial roles in several physiological, pathological and pharmacological processes. However, abnormal variations of these RNS concentrations are closely intertwined with the occurrence and progression of numerous diseases. Hence, the intuitive and accurate visualization of RNS is extremely significant for deeper insight into their spatial distribution, physiological and pathological roles, functions, internal interactions and potential mechanisms in biological systems. To date, the fluorescence imaging technique has been demonstrated to a powerful strategy for the rapid and precise detection of reactive species in biological systems. Moreover, small molecule fluorescent probes have been successively fabricated for in suit, real-time, sensitively and selectively monitoring the changes of RNS in living systems. Based on the inherent characteristics of three RNS, abundant fluorescent probes have been elaborately constructed to satisfy various requirements. Therefore, in this review, we briefly summarize the recent advances in small molecule fluorescent probes for monitoring of NO, ONOO– and HNO within 8 years. Moreover, the classifications, design strategies, recognition mechanisms and biological applications of three RNS-responsive fluorescence probes are discussed in depth. Particularly, the challenges and further development directions in this hot field of fluorescent imaging are definitely emphasized.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Leucosceptrum canum Sm., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is a colorful, aromatic woody plant renowned for its nectar production. Extensive phytochemical research over the years has led to the ...identification of numerous chemical constituents within L. canum, particularly highlighting diterpenoids and sesterterpenoids as its characteristic compounds. L. canum has demonstrated a wide range of biological activities including antibacterial, cytotoxic, antifeedant, insecticidal, herbicidal, immunomodulatory and showed potential properties for treatment of heat stroke, anonymous swollen, impetigo, suppurative osteomyelitis, traumatic injury, and bleeding wound. Phytochemical investigation on L. canum exhibits chemophenetic significance based on its characteristic compounds. Additionally, sesterterpenoids and some other compounds serve as valuable chemotaxonomic marker of this genus, since there are no reports on their isolation from other genera and families. In the current article, the latest research progress on L. canum was reviewed to have a more comprehensive and systemic understanding of the plant. Further exploration of its pharmacological potential and elucidation of its chemical diversity could pave the way for novel applications and therapeutic interventions.
Display omitted
•Leucosceptrum canum Sm. (Lamiaceae) is a colored, fragrant, nectar woody plant.•Diterpenoids and sesterterpenoids are identified as the characteristic compounds.•L. canum is a potent insecticidal agent.•L. canum possesses antibacterial, cytotoxic, antifeedant, insecticidal, herbicidal, and immunomodulatory effects.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
