In a laboratory experiment an efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in controlling third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) was studied. The experiment ...comprised of commercial product Entonem and indigenous strain C76. The efficacy of both biological agents was tested at 20 and 25 °C and at four different concentrations of nematode suspension: 0, 250.000 infective juveniles IJs/m2, 500.000 IJs/m2, and 1.000.000 IJs/m2. Higher mortality rate (27 %) of white grubs was obtained for strain C76 rather than for commercial product (20 %). In our experiment temperature proved to be the most limiting factor in efficacy of tested biological agents. Meanwhile, mortality rate at 20 °C was 34 % and only 12 % mortality was achieved at 25 °C. At highest concentration of nematode suspension and 20 °C also the highest mortality rate (53 %) with strain C76 was obtained.
V laboratorijskem poskusu smo preučevali učinkovitost entomopatogene ogorčice Steinernema feltiae za zatiranje ličink tretje larvalne stopnje poljskega majskega hrošča (Melolontha melolontha). V poskus smo vključili komercialni pripravek Entonem in domorodno raso C76. Delovanje omenjenih biotičnih agensov smo ugotavljali pri 20 in 25 °C ter štirih različnih koncentracijah suspenzije ogorčic: 0, 250.000 infektivnih ličink IL/m2, 500.000 IL/m2 in 1.000.000 IL/m2. Rasa C76 je vplivala na višjo stopnjo smrtnosti (27 %) ogrcev, v primerjavi s komercialnim pripravkom (20 %). Temperatura se je v našem poskusu izkazala kot najbolj omejujoč dejavnik učinkovitosti preizkušanih biotičnih agensov, saj smo pri 20 °C dosegli 34 % smrtnost ogrcev, medtem ko je bila ta pri 25 °C le 12 %. Pri najvišji koncentraciji suspenzije ogorčic in 20 °C je bila pri rasi C76 dosežena najvišja stopnja smrtnosti ogrcev, in sicer 53 %.
In 2009, three Slovenian strains of entomopathogenic nematodes) and commercial product Entonem (active ingredient S. feltiae), were tested under laboratory conditions for their activity against adult ...cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus). The nematode strains were tested at four different doses (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 infective juveniles/adult) and at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C). Steinernema carpocapsae strain C101 was the most effective and showed itself to be a good alternative to chemical insecticides, and appears to have the highest potential for controlling overwintered cereal leaf beetles under field conditions. In our bioassay the temperature had the greatest influence on the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode strains; both S. feltiae treatments (strain B30 and Entonem) proved to work better at the lowest temperature, however the strain H. bacteriophora D54 had its best efficacy at the highest temperature in the experiment. Several species (S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae) have been efficient at lower suspension concentrations, which enables their economical usage against the cereal leaf beetle in integrated cereal production in the future.
V letu 2009 smo v laboratorijskem poskusu preizkušali učinkovitost treh domačih ras entomopatogenih ogorčic in komercialnega pripravka Entonem (aktivna snov S. feltiae) zoper odrasle osebke rdečega žitnega strgača (Oulema melanopus). Delovanje entomopatogenih ogorčic smo preizkušali pri štirih različnih koncentracijah (250, 500, 1000 in 2000 infektivnih ličink/osebek) in treh različnih temperaturah (15, 20 in 25 °C). Rasa C101 vrste Steinernema carpocapsae je bila najbolj učinkovita in bi lahko predstavljala dobro alternativo kemičnim insekticidom pri zatiranju prezimljenih odraslih osebkov rdečega žitnega strgača na prostem. V našem poskusu je imela največji vpliv na delovanje entomopatogenih ogorčic temperatura; obe obravnavanji z vrsto S. feltiae (rasa B30 in Entonem) sta bili učinkoviti tudi pri nižjih temperaturah, rasa D54 vrste H. bacteriophora pa je najbolje delovala pri najvišji temperaturi v poskusu. Ogorčici S. feltiae in S. carpocapsae sta zadovoljivo učinkovali tudi pri nižji koncentraciji suspenzije ogorčic, kar omogoča večjo gospodarnost rabo njihove uporabe pri zatiranju odraslih osebkov rdečega žitnega strgača v integrirani pridelavi žit v prihodnje.
Kostanjevo šiškarico, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), štejemo med najpomembnejše škodljivce kostanja (Castanea sp. in Castanopsis sp.) na različnih območjih sveta. Ličinke te osice ...povzročjo nastanek šišk na vrhu poganjkov in na listnih žilah, kar močno poslabša zdravstveno stanje kostanja in zmanjša pridelek plodov. Kostanjeva šiškarica izvira s Kitajske, v Evropo in po svetu pa se je razširila z napadenim rastlinskim materialom. V Sloveniji se je prvič pojavila leta 2004 na Goriškem, v sosednji Italiji pa se je pojavila že tri leta prej in se je že razširila po skoraj celi državi. V nasadih kostanja v Italiji že povzroča veliko škodo. Za najbolj učinkovit ukrep zatiranja kostanjeve šiškarice velja vnos parazitoidnih osic, ki parazitirajo kostanjevo šiškarico in tako pomembno omejujejo škodo, nastalo zaradi tega škodljivca. Najbolj učinkovita je osica Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), ki izvira s Kitajske in so jo že uspešno vnesli v nasade kostanja na Japonskem. Znani so tudi drugi parazitoidi, ki pa so manj učinkoviti biotični agensi za zatiranje kostanjeve šiškarice. 15 vrst parazitoidov, ki so jih doslej našli v šiškah kostanjeve šiškarice, je prisotnih tudi v sosednji Italiji. V Sloveniji zaenkrat še nismo odkrili domorodnih vrst parazitoidov kostanjeve šiškarice, vendar raziskave potekajo, saj je velika nevarnost, da se bo škodljivec v prihodnjih letih razširi po vsej Sloveniji.
In 2008, a lucerne aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday was first recorded in Slovenia. This oligophagous parasitoid is used as biological control agent against bigger aphid species. By sampling ...aphid mummies on different locations in Slovenia in 2008, we found parasitoid Aphidius ervi on nine host plants (corn, pea, alfalfa, red clover, winter wheat, oat, onion, potato and winter barley). Among 1812 primary parasitoids found in Slovenia in 2008, there were 46 individuals of Aphidius ervi; 21 male and 25 female parasitoids. In the present paper description of the species, its geographic distribution and host plant-aphid-parasitoid associations are given.
V letu 2008 smo v Sloveniji prvič ugotovili zastopanost parazitoida Aphidius ervi Haliday, ki parazitira zlasti listne uši na metuljnicah (Fabaceae). Ta oligofagni parazitoid se uporablja kot biotični agens večjih vrst listnih uši. Parazitoida Aphidius ervi smo v letu 2008 našli na 9 gostiteljskih rastlinah (koruza, grah, lucerna, črna detelja, ozimna pšenica, oves, čebula, krompir in ozimni ječmen) v Sloveniji, in sicer med vzorčenjem ušjih mumij. V letu 2008 smo nabrali 1812 primarnih parazitoidov, med njimi je bilo 46 osebkov vrste Aphidius ervi; 21 je bilo samcev in 25 samic. V prispevku je opisana vrsta, njena geografska razširjenost in povezava med gostiteljsko rastlino, ušjo ter parazitoidom.
Paper presents a larval cannibalism of green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea), which was observed during the laboratory bioassay on non-target effect of entomopathogenic nematodes against green ...lacewings larvae. The most probable reason for larval cannibalism were undersized Petri dishes in which the bioassay was performed. Due to large number of larvae per surface unit, frequent crossing of green lacewings larvae appeared and this consequently lead to cannibalism. In most cases larger, elder larvae consumed smaller, younger larvae. Cannibalism increased with temperature rise and was the most intensive at 25 °C. At this temperature the larval mortality was 22.0 % after two days, while after four days the larval mortality reached 31.0 %.
V prispevku je predstavljen kanibalizem med ličinkami navadne tenčičarice (Chrysoperla carnea), ki se je pojavil pri laboratorijskem preučevanju neciljnega delovanja entomopatogenih ogorčic na ličinke omenjenega naravnega sovražnika. Najverjetnejši vzrok za pojav kanibalizma so bile premajhne petrijevke, v katerih je potekal poskus. Zaradi velikega števila ličink navadne tenčičarice na enoto površine, je prišlo do pogostega srečevanja ličink in posledično do kanibalizma. V večini primerov so ličinke višjega larvalnega stadija pojedle manjše ličinke. Kanibalizem se je povečeval z višanjem temperature in je bil najbolj intenziven pri 25 °C, kjer je bila smrtnost ličink dva dni po začetku poskusa 22,0 %, po štirih dneh pa 31,0 %.
In Slovenia only recently entomopathogenic nematodes were recorded for the first time. In the beginning of 2007, the presence of Steinernema affine was confirmed. During the further investigations in ...the same year Steinernema feltiae was recorded on the arable field near Cerknica. In the previous year this field was planted with chicory. In Slovenia, until now the entomopathogenic nematodes had a status of an exotic agents and their use was allowed only in the laboratory experiments. We expect that in Slovenia the use of these biological agents against insect pests will become important alternative to insecticides as it is known in many other countries of the world.
V Sloveniji so bile entomopatogene ogorčice prvič ugotovljene šele nedavno. V začetku leta 2007 je bila potrjena zastopanost vrste Steinernema affine, med nadaljnjimi raziskavami v istem letu pa je bila na njivi v bližini Cerknice najdena tudi ogorčica Steinernema feltiae. Na omenjenem zemljišču so leto prej pridelovali radič. Doslej so imele entomopatogene ogorčice v Sloveniji status tujerodnih organizmov, njihova uporaba pa je bila dovoljena le v laboratorijskih poskusih. Pričakujemo, da bo v Sloveniji uporaba omenjenih naravnih sovražnikov škodljivih žuželk postala pomembna alternativa insekticidom, kar je sicer že znano v številnih drugih državah sveta.
A fungicide is a chemical pesticide compound that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi. In agriculture, fungicide is used to control fungi that threaten to destroy or compromise crops. Fungicides ...for Plant and Animal Diseases is a book that has been written to present the most significant advances in disciplines related to fungicides. This book comprises of 14 chapters considering the application of fungicides in the control and management of fungal diseases, which will be very helpful to the undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers of microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture and horticulture.
Sucking insects, which representatives are also aphids, can cause important economic damage on cultivated and wild-growing plants in vegetable ecosystems. Our research was based on the aim of ...biological control, which is to limit or to control the pests with the use of their natural enemies. From April to November 2006 living aphids and their mummies were sampled together with their host plants in four locations in Slovenia. The samples have been taken from vegetables, weeds, within-crops plants and from the plants in the field borders. The occurrence of 18 aphid species was confirmed - 14 of them were parasitised. In our research 365 parasitoid specimens (17 species from 8 genera - Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus, and Praon - of the family Aphidiidae) were recorded and identified. The most abundant parasitoid species were Aphidius matricariae (32.2 %) and Lysiphlebus fabarum (29.3 %). Parasitoid L. fabarum had the widest range of hosts; it parasitised aphids on the plants from 7 different botanical families. Sex ratio in our research confirmed the known fact, that in natural ecosystems female parasitoids are more numerous than the male parasitoids; this ratio in our research was 71%: 29%.
Sesajoče žuželke, med katere spadajo tudi prave listne uši, lahko povzročajo pomembno gospodarsko škodo na gojenih in samoniklih rastlinah v vrtnarskih ekosistemih. V naši raziskavi smo se opirali na cilj biotičnega varstva rastlin, ki je z naravnimi sovražniki omejiti oziroma zatreti škodljivce. Od aprila do novembra 2006 smo na štirih lokacijah v Sloveniji vzorčili žive listne uši in ušje mumije na gostiteljskih rastlinah. Vzorce smo nabirali na vrtninah, plevelih, medsevkih in robnih posevkih. Ugotovili smo zastopanost 18 vrst pravih listnih uši, kar 14 vrst pa je bilo parazitiranih. V nabranih vzorcev smo identificirali 365 osebkov parazitoidov listnih uši, ki so pripadali 17 različnim vrstam iz 8 rodov (Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus in Praon) družine Aphidiidae. Najbolj množično sta se pojavljali vrsti Aphidius matricariae (32,2 %) in Lysiphlebus fabarum (29,3 %). Vrsta L. fabarum je imela tudi najširši spekter gostiteljev in je parazitirala uši na rastlinskih vrstah iz 7 različnih botaničnih družin. Če številčno primerjamo zastopanost spolov, lahko potrdimo znano dejstvo, da je število samic v naravi večje od števila samcev; v naši raziskavi je bilo omenjeno razmerje 71%: 29%.
In August 2008, we examined 95 soil samples for the occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in eastern part of Slovenia. 11 samples from 9 different locations were positive to entomopathogenic ...nematodes, but to this time only sample D54 was analysed. This soil sample was collected in Dravograd. Genetic studies proved that the nematode species in this sample was Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. This is the first record of Heterorhabditis nematode in Slovenia. Until now we confirmed the presence of four entomopathogenic nematode species in Slovenia; Steinernema affine, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema kraussei. We expect that in Slovenia the use of these biological agents against insect pests will become important alternative to insecticides as it is known in many other countries of the world.
V avgustu 2008 smo preučili 95 talnih vzorcev, da bi ugotovili zastopanost entomopatogenih ogorčic v vzhodnem delu Slovenije. 11 vzorcev z devetih različnih lokacij je bilo pozitivnih na zastopanost entomopatogenih ogorčic. Doslej smo analizirali le vzorec D54, ki je bil odvzet blizu Dravograda. Genetska analiza je potrdila, da gre za vrsto Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Gre za prvo najdbo ogorčice iz rodu Heterorhabditis v Sloveniji. Doslej smo v Sloveniji potrdili zastopanost 4 vrst entomopatogenih ogorčic, in sicer: Steinernema affine, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae in Steinernema kraussei. Pričakujemo, da bo v Sloveniji uporaba omenjenih naravnih sovražnikov škodljivih žuželk postala pomembna alternativa insekticidom, kar je sicer že znano v številnih drugih državah sveta.
In 2008, massive population of parasitoid Encarsia formosa was found for the first time in the greenhouses on the Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana (Slovenia). This species is ...known for a long time as effective natural enemy of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and other whiteflies in different parts of the world. 1306 wasps from genus Encarsia were found in nymphs of greenhouse whitefly. The most numerous was E. formosa (934 individuals), following by 367 individuals of E. tricolor, 4 males of E. inaron and a male of E. longicornis. Greenhouse whitefly parasitoid was determined on 14 host plants in the greenhouse and E. tricolor on 11 host plants in the greenhouse and on one host plant in the field. E. inaron and E. longicornis appeared only on one host plant in a greenhouse. For the time being the use of wasp E. formosa is not yet permitted in controlling greenhouse whitefly in Slovenia, but there is possibility to include it in the programs of biological control of pests on ornamentals and vegetable plants in the greenhouses. Consequently, the use of chemical insecticides will be reduced.
V rastlinjakih na Laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani smo v letu 2008 prvič našli številčnejšo populacijo parazitoida Encarsia formosa, ki je v svetu dobro znan naravni sovražnik rastlinjakovega ščitkarja, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in nekaterih drugih vrst ščitkarjev. V ličinkah rastlinjakovega ščitkarja smo našli 1306 osic iz rodu Encarsia. Najbolj številčni so bili osebki vrste E. formosa (934 osebkov), našli pa smo še 367 osebkov vrste E. tricolor, 4 samce vrste E. inaron in enega samca vrste E. longicornis. Predstavnike vrste E. formosa smo našli na 14 gostiteljskih rastlinah v rastlinjakih, vrsto E. tricolor pa na 11 vrstah gostiteljskih rastlin v rastlinjakih in na eni rastlinski vrsti na prostem, medtem ko sta se vrsti E. inaron in E. longicornis pojavili le na eni rastlinski vrsti v rastlinjaku. V Sloveniji uporaba osice E. formosa za zatiranje rastlinjakovega ščitkarja še ni razširjena, vendar bi jo lahko vključili v programe biotičnega varstva okrasnih rastlin in vrtnin v zavarovanih prostorih in tako zmanjšali uporabo insekticidov.
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