A thorough, comprehensive guide to the luxury goods industry for executives, entrepreneurs, and students interested to know about the luxury business As key new luxury markets like Asia, Latin ...America and Africa continue to expand, The Road to Luxury: The Evolution, Markets and Strategies of Luxury Brand Management gives professionals interested in the industry a holistic understanding of luxury market dynamics around the world using stories, experiences, relevant data and statistics on current market trends. For investors, the book offers valuable insight on where the industry is headed. For industry insiders and executives, it presents valuable data with which to craft successful business strategies. The definitive insider's guide to the luxury sector by leading figures in the field Includes rigorous academic data, including information on the business attractiveness and appropriateness of various country markets Examines strategies and success factors of key players, and insight into the systems and operations, retail, distribution and e-commerce, emerging markets and emerging brands, as well as management styles For professionals in the luxury industry, as well as those studying it or investing in it, The Road to Luxury presents a complete and information-packed resource covering virtually every aspect of this growing sector.
IMPORTANCE: Most studies that have examined drug prices have focused on list prices, without accounting for manufacturer rebates and other discounts, which have substantially increased in the last ...decade. OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in list prices, net prices, and discounts for branded pharmaceutical products for which US sales are reported by publicly traded companies, and to determine the extent to which list price increases were offset by increases in discounts. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective descriptive study using 2007-2018 pricing data from the investment firm SSR Health for branded products available before January 2007 with US sales reported by publicly traded companies (n = 602 drugs). Net prices were estimated by compiling company-reported sales for each product and number of units sold in the US. EXPOSURES: Calendar year. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes included list and net prices and discounts in Medicaid and other payers. List prices represent manufacturers’ price to wholesalers or direct purchasers but do not account for discounts. Net prices represent revenue per unit of the product after all manufacturer concessions are accounted for (including rebates, coupon cards, and any other discount). Means of outcomes were calculated each year for the overall sample and 6 therapeutic classes, weighting each product by utilization and adjusting for inflation. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2018, list prices increased by 159% (95% CI, 137%-181%), or 9.1% per year, while net prices increased by 60% (95% CI, 36%-84%), or 4.5% per year, with stable net prices between 2015 and 2018. Discounts increased from 40% to 76% in Medicaid and from 23% to 51% for other payers. Increases in discounts offset 62% of list price increases. There was large variability across classes. Multiple sclerosis treatments (n = 4) had the greatest increases in list (439%) and net (157%) prices. List prices of lipid-lowering agents (n = 11) increased by 278% and net prices by 95%. List prices of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (n = 3) increased by 166% and net prices by 73%. List prices of insulins (n = 7) increased by 262%, and net prices by 51%. List prices of noninsulin antidiabetic agents (n = 10) increased by 165%, and net prices decreased by 1%. List price increases were lowest (59%) for antineoplastic agents (n = 44), but discounts only offset 41% of list price increases, leading to 35% increase in net prices. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this analysis of branded drugs in the US from 2007 to 2018, mean increases in list and net prices were substantial, although discounts offset an estimated 62% of list price increases with substantial variation across classes.
While a plethora of studies on gamification of advertising exists, little is known about how consumers process different types of brand elements (logos and names) placed in computer games, and ...whether differences in information processing lead to variations in brand memory. This gap is addressed by conducting three rigorous experiments. In Study 2 we find that, in general, brand logos lead to stronger memory than brand names – something known as the picture superiority effect. Study 3 examines the condition where the picture superiority effect is neutralized. We find that when the speed of a computer game is reduced, names and logos develop similar memory. Finally, in Study 4, we examine whether the picture superiority effect can be neutralized also in the context of high-speed games. We find that in fast games if the physical distinctiveness of the brand elements is increased, both logos and names yield in similar memory.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
This research finds evidence for a plural name advantage on brand attitude. Six studies, including two archival datasets with real market brands and four experiments using fictitious brands, ...show that brands with plural names (e.g., Dunkin' Donuts) are associated with more favorable brand attitude than brands with singular names (e.g., Dunkin' Donut). This plural brand name advantage is driven by perceptions of brand entitativity emerging from the collective reading of plural entities. However, the positive effect of plural brand names on brand attitude is attenuated in the case of premium brands. This research has practical implications for brand name strategy and makes a theoretical contribution by bringing attention to the under‐researched space of morphology in brand name linguistics.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This research tests the effectiveness of three brand name creation/translation approaches-phonetic, semantic, and suggestive-in influencing consumer attitude toward the brand (A
b
) in an emerging ...market in two separate studies. The first study is an interstudy replication of a previous research in which subjects responded to English brand names translated phonetically, phonosemantically, and suggestively into the Chinese language. The result of the first study in our research reveals a brand attitude reversal when these brand names are presented as domestic brands rather than foreign brands in China. The second study is an extension of the first study to provide a formal test of semantic translation and the impact of perceived brand name translation relevance on A
b
.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose
This study aims to investigate how brand name (home-emerging-country vs foreign-developed-country brand name) applied by emerging market company in conjunction with revealing the actual ...country-of-brand-origin (COBO) (revealed vs non-revealed origin from developed vs emerging country) affects purchase intensions of durable goods.
Design/methodology/approach
An experimental conjoint analysis and multilevel linear models were applied.
Findings
Results demonstrate that brand name differentiates consumers’ purchase intentions. However, not every foreign-developed-country brand name may lead to the increase of purchase intentions. Revealing the actual emerging market’s COBO for brands with developed-country brand name may lead to lowering purchase intentions. Moreover, consumer ethnocentrism and materialism moderate the relationship between the brand type in terms of brand name and purchase intentions.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the international marketing literature by simultaneous examination of the impact of brand name type and revealing actual COBO on purchase intentions and the moderating effects of ethnocentrism and materialism, in emerging markets’ context. It also offers novel insights for brand managers regarding the influence of emerging markets’ companies branding strategies on consumer purchase intentions.
Luxury Brand Management in Digital and Sustainable Times, 4th Edition presents both the macro and micro-economic aspects of the luxury industry and the management, marketing, distribution, logistics ...and creation axes specific to the industry. Illustrated with many examples (over 450 brands are examined), it offers a general vision of the main luxury sectors (fashion, perfumes and cosmetics, wines and spirits, jewellery and watchmaking, leather goods and hotels) with precise indications on the size of the different sectors and information on the financial aspects of the main actors. It also discusses the relevant considerations on the notion of luxury and the implications of the growing importance of authenticity and sustainable development on the management of luxury brands and provides an analysis of the strategic issues faced by the companies featured in the book. This new edition includes: A new chapter on the "Luxury of Tomorrow," with particular focus on authenticity and durable development to take into account the issues of the consumers movement and the concept of using organic/natural resources in producing luxury goods An entirely rewritten chapter on "Luxury Clients" to take into account the geographical changes in the luxury consumption of the new client profiles, and a dedicated section on the Chinese customers (in Asia, the US and Europe) Major updates to the data and industry figures (market size, turnover and profitability of leading companies) to cover the changes that have taken place since the publication of the prior edition Analytical tools that aid in developing management of brand identity
•Name’s figurativeness is crucial for memory: recall, recognition, and associations.•Name and logo’s semantic interaction is more important than logo’ figurativeness.•Name and logo’ semantic ...repetition is beneficial for recall and associations.•Name and logo’s semantic dispersion is beneficial for recognition.•Name and logo should be studied as a single stimulus to assess their memory effects.
This paper explores the opposition between abstract and figurative names and logos, considered together in a single stimulus. We created three experimental scenarios of fictitious names and logos, ranging from very abstract to very figurative stimuli. Findings show that figurativeness, and organicity as its extreme form, are key determinants of cognitive responses to names and logos. However, our most relevant finding is the crucial importance of the interaction between the figurativeness of the name and the logo. Results show that semantic repetition is beneficial for creating recall and generating associations, and semantic dispersion is advantageous for ensuring recognition. Nevertheless, there are exceptions. The originality of this paper lies in the fact that it allows to say that figurativeness is not a sacrosanct solution to good name and logo performance, it largely depends on the type of interaction between these two central brand identity signs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This research develops a taxonomy of alphanumeric brand names (ABs) based on the alignment between the brand names and their links to products and attributes. Five empirical studies reveal that ABs ...have systematic effects on consumers' product choices, moderated by consumers' need for cognition, the availability of product attribute information, and the taxonomic category of the AB. In an identical choice set, the choice share of a product option whose brand name takes a higher versus lower numeric portion (e.g., X-200 versus X-100) increases, and it is preferred more even when it is objectively inferior to other choice alternatives. Consumers with low need for cognition use "the higher, the better" heuristic to select options labeled with ABs and choose brands with higher numeric portions. Consumers with high need for cognition process ABs more systematically and make inferences about attribute values based on brand name—attribute correlations. The effects of ABs on consumer preferences are prevalent for most technical products, even when consumers do not know the product category or meanings of attributes.
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BFBNIB, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Introduction: Prescription of generic drugs reduces the out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines by the patients. However, the lack of knowledge about generic medicines and unfavourable attitude toward ...them can adversely impact their prescription by doctors, as well as utilization by the patients. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students toward generic medicines. Materials and Methods: It was questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study. The study participants were final year MBBS students. Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval and written informed consent of study participants were taken before starting the study. SPSS software version 26 was used for the data analysis. Results: A total of 82 participants were included in this study, 52.4% were male and 47.6% female. Fifty-two (63.41%) students were aware that generic medicines are interchangeable with innovator drugs. Forty-two (51.21%) students knew that generic medicine can be marketed after expiry date of patent drug. 91.46% agreed that generic medicines have the same strength, safety, and effectiveness as brand name medicines. 47 (57.31%) students were aware of Jan Aushadhi scheme and 62 (75.60%) participants knew that generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand name medicines. Perception: Sixty-one (74.3%) felt that use of generic medicines can decrease health-care expenditure. Fifty-seven (69.5%) students felt that the rationale behind prescribing generic medicine must be discussed with the patients while 46 (56.1%) students disagreed that therapeutic failure is more with generic medicines. Conclusion: Our study shows that medical students have inadequate knowledge but favourable attitude toward generic medicines. Regular awareness and training programs should be held for doctors, students, and general public, for enhancing the knowledge and positive perceptions toward generic medicines.
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