•Nutritional value of Tenebrio molitor (TM) and Hermetia illucens (HI) was studied.•Total tract apparent digestibility of both TM and HI meal was determined.•Total tract apparent metabolizable energy ...of both TM and HI meal was determined.•Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility both TM and HI meal was determined.
The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of the total tract (CTTAD) of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME and AMEn) of two insect larval meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens. The amino acid (AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) was also determined. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250g/kg (w/w) of the basal diet with Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) or Hermetia illucens meal (HI). No statistical difference was found between the two insect larval meals for the CTTAD of the nutrients, except for the CTTAD for ether extract (P<0.001) where the HI meal proved to be more digestible than the TM meal (0.99 and 0.88, respectively). The CTTAD for DM was 0.60 and 0.53; 0.66 and 0.66 for OM; 0.60 and 0.51 for CP, whereas it was 0.64 and 0.69 for GE, for TM and HI, respectively. No difference was observed between TM and HI (P>0.05) for AME or AMEn (AME=16.86 and 17.38MJ/kg DM, respectively; AMEn=16.02 and 16.60MJ/kg DM, respectively). The average AIDC of the 17 analyzed AAs was higher (P<0.001) in TM than in HI (0.86 and 0.68, respectively) because the AIDC of isoluecine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamic acid and tyrosine was higher (P<0.05) in TM than in HI. Overall, the present results have shown that TM and HI meals are excellent sources of AME for broilers and a valuable source of digestible AA, particularly as far as TM meal is concerned.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Meat inspection of broiler chickens (broiler) in the European Union is regulated by common legislation to secure meat safety. However, the legislation is general in nature and proper post-mortem ...inspection (PMI) of every carcass and visceral organs of broilers is challenging in slaughterhouses (SHs) with a high slaughter line speed. The aim of this study was to investigate the on-site organization and possible differences of the PMI in four Finnish SHs, which slaughter over 99% of broilers in Finland. Our results show that the meat inspector's available inspection time per broiler in the PMI varied between 0.28 and 0.90 s, with the shortest available inspection time in the SH with the highest slaughter line speed and the longest available inspection time in the SH with the slowest line speed. We observed that only part of the total inspection time per broiler could be used for true PMI in most (3/4) SHs, as the meat inspectors also performed other tasks during the PMI. We observed deficiencies in the visual inspection of broiler carcasses; in particular, the proper inspection of all or most of the body cavities was impossible in all SHs during the PMI. Some deficiencies in facilities (e.g. in recording system) were observed. Moreover, lighting properties varied between the SHs and a significant difference between illumination conditions at the first inspection stations in the SHs was observed. This study considered the prerequisites for proper PMI and revealed that the PMI of broilers was not completely uniform in Finland. The results emphasize the need for more precise guidelines and recommendations, especially for inspection time and lighting at inspection stations.
•A short post-mortem inspection time may hamper detection of non-acceptable broilers.•Differences in facilities and lighting affected post-mortem inspection uniformity.•Measurements can be used to evaluate the uniformity of meat inspection stations.•The high line speed of slaughterhouses hinders proper inspection of body cavities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily feed intake during the laying period on embryonic myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), and ...myogenic factor 6 (MYF6) gene expression in genetically fat and lean lines of chickens. Methods An experiment in a 2×2 factorial design was conducted with two dietary intake levels (100% and 75% of nutrition recommendation) and two broiler chicken lines (fat and lean). Two lines of hens (n = 384 for each line) at 23th week of age were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 16 birds. The experiment started at 27th week of age (5% egg rate) and ended at 54th week of age. Hatched eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Real time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyse the MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 mRNA levels of E7, E9, E11, E13, and E15 body tissues and E17, E19, and E21 chest and thigh muscle samples. Results The results indicated that there were significant effects of line, dietary intake, and interactions between them on MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 gene mRNA expression levels in embryonic tissues. Low daily feed intake did not change the expression trend of MYOD1 mRNA in either line, but changed the peak values, especially in lean line. Low daily feed intake altered the trend in MYF5 mRNA expression level in both lines and apparently delayed its onset. There was no apparent effect of low daily feed intake on the trends of MYF6 mRNA expression levels in either line, but it significantly changed the values on many embryonic days. Conclusion Maternal nutrient restriction affects myogenesis and is manifested in the expression of embryonic MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 genes. Long term selection for fat deposition in broiler chickens changes the pattern and intensity of myogenesis.
This review explores the potential of including glutamine, a so-called non-essential amino acid, in the formulation of reduced-crude protein (CP) diets for broiler chickens. There is a precedent for ...benefits when including glycine and serine in reduced-CP diets. Fundamentally this is due to decreases in non-essential amino acid concentrations in reduced-CP diets — an unavoidable consequence of reducing CP without amino acid supplementation. The situation for glutamine is complicated because analysed dietary concentrations are very rarely provided as standard assays do not differentiate between glutamine and glutamate and are reported on a combined basis as glutamic acid. The dietary requirement for glutamic acid is approximately 36.3 g/kg but it is increasingly unlikely that this requirement will be met as dietary CP levels are progressively reduced. Glutamine is an abundant and versatile amino acid and constitutes 50.5 mg/g of whole-body chicken protein and is the dominant free amino acid in systemic plasma where it has been shown to provide 22.6% (139.9 of 620.3 μg/mL) of the total in birds offered 215 g/kg CP, wheat-based diets. In addition to dietary intakes, glutamine biosynthesis is derived mainly from the condensation of glutamate and ammonia (NH3) catalysed by glutamine synthetase, a reaction that is pivotal to NH3 detoxification. Glutamate and NH3 are converted to glutamine by phosphate-dependent glutaminase in the reciprocal reaction; thus, glutamine and glutamate are interchangeable amino acids. However, the rate of glutamine biosynthesis may not be adequate in rapidly growing broiler chickens and exogenous and endogenous glutamine levels are probably insufficient in birds offered reduced-CP diets. The many functional roles of glutamine, including NH3 detoxification and maintenance of acid-base homeostasis, then become relevant. Twenty feeding studies were identified where dietary glutamine supplementation, usually 10 g/kg, was evaluated in birds kept under thermoneutral conditions. On balance, the outcomes were positive, but the average dietary CP was 213 g/kg across the twenty feeding studies, which indicates that CP and, in turn, glutamine concentrations would have been adequate. This suggests that glutamine inclusions in reduced-CP diets hold potential and consideration is given to how this may be best confirmed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
ABSTRACT The research objective is to determine the determinants and impact of broiler chicken companies in East Nusa Tenggara. This research was conducted for 6 (six) months from September ...2018-February 2019 with the research locations in Kupang Regency and Kupang City which were determined by purposive sampling. The research method is descriptive employing surveys, observations, and interviews. The informants consisted of 8 (eight) people, namely Head of Animal Husbandry Office of Kupang Regency, Head of Animal Husbandry Field at the Agriculture Office of Kupang City, Researchers from the Undana Faculty of Animal Husbandry, and 5 (five) farmer who are members of the organization Himpuli (Himpunan Pengusaha Unggas Lokal Indonesia). The types of data used are primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used is descriptive which is described in a narrative. The results showed that NTT Province has the potential to establish broiler breeding companies with a concentration of development in Kupang City or Kupang Regency for Timor Island, Nagekeo Regency for Flores Island, and Southwest Sumba Regency for Sumba Island. The existence of broiler breeding companies in NTT will increase the effectiveness of the broiler marketing chain, stimulate new jobs, increase income supported by policies, socio-culture, economy, and distribution. This of course has been well studied from the aspect of overcoming environmental damage caused by the presence of broiler breeding companies in NTT. Keywords: Companies; Breeding; Broiler ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui faktor penentu dan dampak keberadaan perusahaan ayam ras pedaging di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 6 (enam) bulan dari bulan September 2018-Februari 2019 dengan lokasi penelitian di Kabupaten Kupang dan Kota Kupang yang ditentukan secara purposive sampling. Metode penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan cara survei, observasi dan wawancara. Narasumber terdiri dari 8 (delapan) orang, yaitu Kepala Dinas Peternakan Kabupaten Kupang, Kepala Bidang Peternakan pada Dinas Pertanian Kota Kupang, Peneliti dari Fakultas Peternakan Undana, dan 5 (lima) pengusaha ayam ras pedaging yang tergabung dalam organisasi Himpuli (Himpunan Pengusaha Unggas Lokal Indonesia). Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif yang dijabarkan secara naratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Provinsi NTT berpotensi untuk didirikan perusahaan pembibitan ayam ras pedaging dengan konsentrasi pembangunan di Kota Kupang atau Kabupaten Kupang untuk wilayah Pulau Timor, Kabupaten Nagekeo untuk Pulau Flores, dan Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya untuk kawasan Pulau Sumba. Adanya perusahaan pembibitas ayam ras pedaging di NTT akan meningkatkan efektifitas rantai pemasaran ayam ras pedaging, menstimulasi lapangan pekerjaan baru, meningkatkan pendapatan yang didukung oleh kebijakan, sosial budaya, ekonomi, dan distribusi. Hal tersebut tentu telah dikaji secara baik dari aspek penanggulangan kerusakan lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh adanya perusahaan pembibitan ayam ras pedaging di NTT. Kata kunci: Perusahaan; Pembibitan; Ayam ras pedaging
Several regulatory agencies continue to require animal feeding studies to approve new genetically modified crops despite such studies providing little value in the safety assessment. Feeding studies ...with maize grain containing event DP-915635-4 (DP915635), a new corn rootworm management trait, were conducted to fulfill that requirement. Diets fed to Crl:CD®(SD) rats for 90 days contained up to 50% ground maize grain from DP915635, non-transgenic control, or non-transgenic reference hybrids (P1197, 6158, and 6365). Ross 708 broilers received phase diets containing up to 67% maize grain from each source for 42 days. Growth performance was compared between animals fed DP915635 and control diets; rats were further evaluated for clinical and neurobehavioral measures, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology, whereas carcass parts and select organ yields were determined for broilers. Reference group inclusion assisted in determining natural variation influence on observed significant differences between DP915635 and control groups. DP915635 maize grain diet consumption did not affect any measure evaluated in either feeding study. Results demonstrated DP-915635-4 maize grain safety and nutritional equivalency when fed in nutritionally adequate diets, adding to the existing literature confirming the lack of significant effects of feeding grain from genetically modified plants.
•Maize event DP-915635-4 is a new corn rootworm management trait.•Feeding DP-915635-4 grain did not affect rat or broiler chicken growth or health.•DP-915635-4 maize grain is nutritionally equivalent to non-transgenic grain.•Feeding study results support modernizing safety assessment regulations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens and turkeys and the factors that can influence its development, the precision of the most frequent sites of ...Cryptosporidium, and the severity of lesions associated with the disease. From October 2019 to September 2020, the prevalence of Cryptosporidia infection was determined on 22 farms located in north central Algeria. For each farm, weekly visits were conducted during the study period and information on the type of farming and health status was collected. At these farms, 98 chickens and 22 turkeys were examined and clinical lesions recorded. Analyses of faeces, tissue samples and scrapings made from the intestine, bursa of Fabricius, trachea, cloaca and proventriculus revealed a prevalence of 55% at chicken farms. The age of chickens was found to be a significant factor, with a high frequency of the disease observed in chickens aged between 10 to 50 days with a maximum between 31 and 40 days (84.62%). The parasite was not detected in chickens younger than 7 days. The most common site of Cryptosporidium sp. was the bursa (24.2%), followed by the trachea (21.5%), cloaca (18.9%), intestine (16.3%), and proventriculus (6.6%). In turkeys, the overall prevalence was 41%. The bursa was the most infected organ (23.81%), followed by the cloaca (15.79%) and intestine (9%). For both avian species, data confirmed the impact of season, strain (genetic potential), and rearing conditions on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. To conclude, our results showed that Cryptosporidium was very common on these farms, and was related mainly to climatic conditions and poor management, particularly hygienic measures.
Cilj ove studije bio je ustvrditi prevalenciju kriptosporidioze u tovnih pilića i purana te čimbenike koji mogu utjecati na njezin razvoj, ali i preciznost najčešćih lokacija Cryptosporidium i ozbiljnost lezija povezanih s bolešću. Stoga je u razdoblju od listopada 2019. do rujna 2020. ustvrđena prevalencija infekcije s kriptosporidijima na 22 farme smještene na središnjem sjeveru Alžira. Za svaku su farmu obavljeni tjedni izvidi tijekom razdoblja studije i prikupljene su informacije o vrsti uzgoja i zdravstvenom statusu peradi. Na tim je farmama istraženo 98 pilića i 22 purana u kojih su zamijećene kliničke lezije. Analiza fekalija, uzorci tkiva i strugotine crijeva, Fabricijeve burze, dušnika, kloake i proventrikulusa otkrile su prevalenciju od 55 % na farmama pilića. Dob pilića ima važnu ulogu. Stoga je velika učestalost bolesti zamijećena u pilića u dobi od 10 do 50 dana, s maksimalnom vrijednošću između 31 i 40 dana (84,62 %). Parazit nije otkriven u pilića mlađih od 7 dana. Najčešća lokacija Cryptosporidium sp. bila je burza (24,2 %), zatim dušnik (21,5 %), kloaka (18,9 %), crijeva (16,3 %) te proventrikulus (6,6 %). U purana je sveukupna prevalencija bila 41 %. Burza je bila najinficiraniji organ (23,81 %), zatim kloaka i crijeva, s učestalošću od 15,79, odnosno 9 %. S druge strane, za obje vrste peradi podatci su potvrdili utjecaj sezone, soja (genetski potencijal) i uvjeta uzgoja na prevalenciju Cryptosporidium sp. Zaključno, naši rezultati su pokazali da je Cryptosporidium vrlo čest na našim farmama, a to je uglavnom povezano s klimatskim uvjetima, lošim upravljanjem i posebice higijenskim mjerama.
Objective Bacillus subtilis, a kind of probiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial function, was commonly used in livestock and poultry production. Recent research suggested that Bacillus subtilis ...may have antioxidant properties and improve immune response. This study aimed to verify the probiotic function of Bacillus subtilis in the production of broiler chickens. Methods A total of 324 (1-day-old) Arbor Acres broilers were selected and randomly divided into three groups: basal diet group (Ctr Group), basal diet + antibiotic growth promoter group (Ctr + AGP) and basal diet + 0.5% Bacillus subtilis preparation group (Ctr + Bac). The experiment lasted for 42 days. Muscle, serum and liver samples were collected at 42 days for determination. Results The results showed that Bacillus subtilis could decrease malondialdehyde content in the serum and liver (p<0.05) and increase superoxide dismutase 1 mRNA expression (p<0.01) and total superoxide dismutase (p<0.05) in the liver. In addition, compared with AGP supplementation, Bacillus subtilis supplementation increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β level in the serum (p<0.05). At 45 minutes after slaughter Ctr + Bac presented a higher a* value of breast muscle than Ctr Group (p< 0.05), while significant change in leg muscle was not identified. Moreover, there was no difference in weight, shear force, cooking loss and drip loss of breast and leg muscle between treatments. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis in diet can enhance antioxidant capacity and optimize immune response of broilers.
Delivering natural antioxidants via in ovo feeding holds promise for enhancing the antioxidant status and performance of chickens. Therefore, The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts ...of in ovo feeding during early embryonic development using grape pomace extract as a natural antioxidant on hatchability, productive performance, immune response, and antioxidant status in broilers. A total of 900 fertile broiler eggs from the Arbor Acres strain were utilized. Each egg was individually weighed, with egg weights ranging from 61.88 ± 3 g. On the 17.5th d of incubation (DOI), the fertile eggs were divided into 6 groups. The first treatment group was untreated and designated as the control (C). The second group was the sham group (Sh), receiving a simulated injection. The third group, designated as the vehicle group (V), was injected with 100 µl of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The fourth group received an injection of 100 µL of grape pomace dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 2 mg (T2). Similarly, the fifth and sixth groups were injected with 100 µL of grape pomace dissolved in DMSO at concentrations of 4 mg and 6 mg, (T4), (T6) respectively. Subsequently, all groups were raised under uniform conditions in terms of management, environment, and nutrition till 5 wk of age. The grape pomace extract (GPE), obtained is rich in total phenolic content (16.07 mg/g), total flavonoid content (7.42 mg/g), and total anthocyanin (8.37 mg/g). Grape pomace extract has exhibited significant antioxidant properties as evidenced by its effectiveness in DPPH scavenging and reducing power assays. Significant improvements in body weight at hatch were observed with in ovo feeding of grape pomace extract, particularly at the 4 mg level, surpassing the effectiveness of the 2 mg and 6 mg grape pomace levels, and this enhancement in body weight continued until the age of 5 wk. GPE injection also led to a significant reduction in cholesterol levels, with the lowest levels recorded for the T4 group. Plasma total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) levels were significantly elevated in groups treated with T4, T6, and T2 compared to the control group. Conversely, the control group showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The immune response of hatched chicks from grape pomace extract-injected groups, especially the T4 group, exhibited improvement through increased IgM and IgG. These findings demonstrate that in ovo feeding of GPE, particularly at a dosage of 4 mg, enhances growth performance, immune response, and antioxidant status in hatched chicks. Thus, administering natural antioxidants, such as grape pomace extract, to developing broiler embryos via in ovo feeding could serve as a valuable strategy for enhancing the subsequent post-hatch productive performance, as well as bolstering the antioxidant and immunological status of broiler chicks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Serious challenges are faced by broiler chicken farmers in Seumirah Village, Nisam Antara Subdistrict, North Aceh Regency, in their efforts to create high-quality and productive chickens. These ...difficulties not only impact the farmers' income but also result in recurring losses every year. This research aims to design a system using the Naive Bayes Classifier algorithm to assess the capacity and classify production types based on specific criteria such as population, age, depletion, FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio), IP (Index Performance), and BW (Body Weight). The system aims to classify broiler chicken production as either increasing (profitable) or decreasing (unprofitable). In the development of this predictive system, the PHP programming language is employed, with a MySQL database as the data storage medium. The results of this broiler chicken production prediction system have proven effective in providing information in the form of profit or loss reports based on the harvest results for each monthly period. The implementation of this system is expected to assist in optimizing farmers' production management, increasing business profitability, and providing better guidance for future business decisions. The classification results using the Naive Bayes method indicate an accuracy rate of 86,67 and error rate of 13,3%.
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