The aim of the experiment was to determine the influence of probiotic preparation on productive parameters and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Totally 60 one-day-old chickens of Ross 308 ...were divided in two groups: control group (n=30) received drinking water without any additives and experimental group (n=30) received probiotic preparation in dose 2 ml per 1 l of drinking water from day 1 to day 42 of fattening. The probiotic preparation contained the strains of Lactobacillus casei CCM 3775 (3.86x106 CFU.g-1), Lactobacillus plantarum 24001 (3.86x106 CFU.g-1) and Saccharomycces cerevisiae MUCL 39885 (7.00x103 CFU.g-1). Broiler chickens were feeding ad libitum with commercial feed mixtures. Individual body weights of all birds, feed conversion ratio per group were determined in 21 and 42 day, total mortality rate we recorded in 42 day of fattening period. Carcass quality of broiler chickens was determined at the end of the experiment. The supplementation of probiotic affected positively body weight (p<0.05) in broiler chickens in 21 and 42 day of fattening. Feed conversion ratio in 21 and 42 day was similar in control and experimental groups. Total mortality in 42 day was positive affected (p<0.05) by supplementation of probiotic preparation in drinking water. The probiotic no significant (P˃0.05) affected percentage of breast and thighs from carcass body, weight of giblets and carcass yield. The addition of probiotic significantly (P<0.05) reduced the content of abdominal fat in carcass body.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ceftriaxone is a broad spectrum antimicrobial that commonly used in chicken farms for the purpose of the control of avian bacterial diseases. However, the use of ceftriaxone can be associated with ...some adverse effects. This study examined vitamin E's protective properties against ceftriaxone-induced histopathological, inflammatory, and oxidative damage in broiler chickens challenged with E. coli. When broiler chicks are exposed to E. coli O78, colibacillosis was developed. The sickened birds displayed a variety of general clinical symptoms. Ceftriaxone was used as a treatment and could lower morbidity and fatality rates to 10% and 4%, respectively. The use of ceftriaxone was associated with the occurrence of some histopathological lesions. In addition, either E. coli or ceftriaxone could cause alterations in erythrogram, antioxidant status, and induction of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, the use of vitamin E with ceftriaxone could markedly improve the histopathological alterations and upregulate the antioxidant status and reduce the release of the inflammatory markers. In conclusion, the present study's findings showed that ceftriaxone is a powerful antibacterial drug, especially when used to treat E. coli in broilers. Vitamin E is strongly advised for usage in broilers to minimize ceftriaxone-induced adverse effects.
In 2012, Escherichia fergusonii harboring heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) was isolated from healthy chickens in South Korea. However, little is known about the prevalence, spread, and pathogenicity of ...the strains for humans and animals. This study aimed to comprehend public health threats such as the distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of E. fergusonii carrying LTs. E. fergusonii containing LT was isolated from 15.0% (52/346) of chicken fecal samples from all three farms but not from 360 pig samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that over 75% of strains were resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, or tetracycline; additionally, 69.2% (36/52) of strains were resistant to these five antimicrobials. The 52 strains were clustered into eight pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types, with type V and type VI accounting for 84.6%. According to the present study, multiple chicken farms harbored E. fergusonii with similar antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic clonality. Since the pathogenicity of LT-bearing E. fergusonii to humans and animals, such as food poisoning and sporadic diarrhea via meat, the transmission of the strains, and the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes are unknown, additional research is required.
•Dietary cinnamon essential oil (CNO) increased immune response in broiler chickens.•CNO lowered precaecal Escherichia coli and tended to lower Clostridium spp. counts.•The villi height in the ...duodenum and jejunum was increased by CNO.•Ajwain essential oil, CNO and clove essential oil lowered blood cholesterol in serum.•Dietary CNO increased the superoxide dismutase activity in serum.
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three essential oils with different main chemical structures, i.e., cinnamon bark oil (CNO), clove bud oil (CLO) and ajwain seed oil (AJO) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on intestinal health, immune response and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. Four hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five dietary groups comprising of eight replicates (n=8) in each group. Each replicate contained ten chicks. Five dietary groups consisted of: 1) a basal diet (control; without any antibiotic and essential oils); 2) the basal diet+bacitracin methylene disalicylate added at a dose of 50mg/kg diet (AGP); 3) the basal diet+CNO at 300mg/kg diet (CNO); 4) the basal diet+CLO at 600mg/kg diet (CLO); and 5) the basal diet+AJO at 400mg/kg diet (AJO). Both AGP and CNO significantly increased the villi height in duodenum (P=0.004), jejunum (P=0.008) or ileuim (P=0.003) compared with the control. The counts of Escherichia coli in pre-caecal contents decreased (P=0.006) in the groups receiving AGP and CNO and the counts of Clostridium spp. decreased (P=0.029) in the AGP group compared with the control. Population of Lactobacilli spp. was not affected (P=0.39) by any diets. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus increased with CNO, CLO and AJO supplementation (P<0.001) compared with the control and AGP. The concentrations of cholesterol in serum reduced (P=0.030) in CNO, CLO and AJO groups compared with the control and AGP groups. Supplementation of CNO and CLO increased (P=0.001) the superoxide dismutase activity in serum compared with the AGP. In conclusion, supplementation of CNO could be more advantageous than the AGPs in diets due to its combined beneficial effects on immune response, gut health, antioxidant status and blood cholesterol in broiler chickens.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Since the 2006 European ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. A ...particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. Microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their host. Here we review recent developments in novel preventive treatments against C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens that employ yeasts, bacteria and bacteriophages or secondary metabolites and other microbial products in disease control.
The quality of broiler chicken carcasses is greatly influenced by feed management and the number of nutrients digested in the digestive tract that will be utilized for optimal meat production. The ...study aimed to determine the effect of feeding fermented feed at different times on the production performance and quality of broiler chicken carcasses. The number of day-old chicks used in this study was 180 broiler chickens strain Cobb. This study was carried out experimentally using a complete randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications. Each treatment carried out in this experiment consisted of a different length of time, namely feeding for 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Experimental parameters included feed consumption, weight gain, and ration conversion. In addition, the carcass quality was investigated as live weight, carcass percentage, and percentage of broiler chicken abdominal fat. The results showed that the longer the time of fermentation feed significantly increased feed consumption by 40.07% and increased 13.77% weight gain, as well as decreased ration conversion by 25.33%. Furthermore, the same results were also obtained regarding live weight by 17.80% and increased percentage of the carcass by 8.84%, while the percentage of abdominal fat decreased by 12.90%. It can be concluded that the provision of fermented feed for 5 weeks can improve the production performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, Carcass quality, Fermented feed, Performance
The quality of broiler chicken carcasses is greatly influenced by feed management and the number of nutrients digested in the digestive tract that will be utilized for optimal meat production. The study aimed to determine the effect of feeding fermented feed at different times on the production performance and quality of broiler chicken carcasses. The number of day-old chicks used in this study was 180 broiler chickens strain Cobb. This study was carried out experimentally using a complete randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications. Each treatment carried out in this experiment consisted of a different length of time, namely feeding for 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Experimental parameters included feed consumption, weight gain, and ration conversion. In addition, the carcass quality was investigated as live weight, carcass percentage, and percentage of broiler chicken abdominal fat. The results showed that the longer the time of fermentation feed significantly increased feed consumption by 40.07% and increased 13.77% weight gain, as well as decreased ration conversion by 25.33%. Furthermore, the same results were also obtained regarding live weight by 17.80% and increased percentage of the carcass by 8.84%, while the percentage of abdominal fat decreased by 12.90%. It can be concluded that the provision of fermented feed for 5 weeks can improve the production performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, Carcass quality, Fermented feed, Performance
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary arginine (Arg) supplementation on the inflammatory response and gut microbiota of broiler chickens subjected to Salmonella enterica ...serovar Typhimurium. One hundred and forty 1-day-old Arbor Acres male birds were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement including diet treatment (with or without 0.3% Arg supplementation) and immunological stress (with or without S. typhimurium challenge). Samples were obtained at 7 D after infection (day 23). Results showed that S. typhimurium challenge caused histopathological and morphological damages, but Arg addition greatly reduced these intestinal injuries. S. typhimurium challenge elevated the levels of serum inflammatory parameters, including diamine oxidase, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, IL-1β, IL-8, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITNF) homolog. However, Arg supplementation decreased the serum procalcitonin, IL-1β, IL-8, and LITNF concentration. S. typhimurium challenge significantly increased jejunal IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17 mRNA expression and tended to upregulate IL-22 mRNA expression, but Arg supplementation remarkably reduced IL-8 mRNA expression, tended to downregulate IL-22 mRNA expression, and dramatically elevated IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA expression. In addition, sequencing data of 16S rDNA indicated that the population of Proteobacteria phylum; Enterobacteriaceae family; Escherichia–Shigella, and Nitrosomonas genera; and Escherichia coli and Ochrobactrum intermedium species were more abundant, but the population of Rhodocyclaceae and Clostridiaceae_1 families and Candidatus Arthromitus genus were less abundant in the ileal digesta of birds with only S. typhimurium infection when compared with the controls. Treatment with Arg in birds subjected to S. typhimurium challenge increased the abundances of Firmicutes phylum, Clostridiaceae_1 family, Methylobacterium and Candidatus Arthromitus genera but decreased the abundance of Nitrosomonas genus and Rhizobium cellulosilyticum and Rubrobacter xylanophilus species as compared with the only S. typhimurium–challenged birds. In conclusion, Arg supplementation can alleviate intestinal mucosal impairment by ameliorating inflammatory response and modulating gut microbiota in broiler chickens challenged with S. typhimurium.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Histological studies were undertaken on the skin of six male commercial broiler chicken of six to eight weeks of age, slaughtered at Meat Technology Unit, Mannuthy. The skin consisted of an outer ...thin epidermis and inner thick dermis. The per cent contribution of epidermis and dermis to total width of skin was 2.01±0.01 and 97.99±0.01 respectively. The epidermis presented two major layers viz., stratum germinativum and stratum corneum. The dermis consisted of three distinct layers from superficial to deep viz., stratum superficiale, stratum profundum and lamia elastica. The stratum profundum consisted of a superficial stratum compactum and a deep stratum laxum which was the thickest among all the layers of skin. The lamina elastica separated the subcutaneous tissue from the dermis and was the thinnest layer
•Effect of citric acid, phytase, and vitamin D3 was investigated on broiler chickens fed the diet severely limited in P.•Individual supplementation of citric acid had a detrimental effect on serum P ...and feed to gain ratio.•Supplementation of citric acid improved average daily gain, feed to gain ratio, and bone strength when phytase was included in the diet.•Supplementation of 4,000 IU vitamin D3/kg improved bone strength when phytase was included in the diet.•Although individual use of citric acid or 4,000 IU vitamin D3/kg did not affect bone ash percentage, combination of these supplements increased it.
This study investigated effect of various combinations of phytase, citric acid (CA), and vitamin D3 (D3) on phytate P utilization as evaluated by growth performance, serum minerals, and bone characteristics in broiler chickens fed the diet severely limited in non-phytate P. A total of 585 ten-day-old male broiler chickens were allocated to 9 diets from 11 to 38 d of age. There were a positive control (with adequate non-phytate P concentration and 2,000 IU D3/kg in the diet) and 8 diets (without any inorganic P) consisting of D3 (2,000 and 4,000 IU/kg), CA (0 and 15 g/kg), and phytase (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 5 pens per treatment and 13 broiler chickens per pen. Phytase supplementation increased average daily gain and decreased feed to gain ratio, but the effect of phytase was more apparent in broiler chickens received CA (phytase × CA, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 for average daily gain and feed to gain ratio, respectively). Serum P was increased by phytase supplementation and decreased by CA supplementation, but the decreasing effect of CA was not observed in broiler chickens received phytase (phytase × CA, P < 0.05). Addition of 4,000 IU D3/kg increased breast muscle yield (P < 0.05) and decreased abdominal fat pad (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation increased carcass yield (P < 0.05) and breast muscle yield (P < 0.001). The individual use of phytase increased bone ash percentage and the combination of 4,000 IU D3/kg and CA increased it, but the inclusion of phytase, CA, and 4,000 IU D3/kg simultaneously did not increase further bone ash percentage (phytase × CA × D3, P < 0.05). Bone strength was increased by phytase supplementation and not affected by supplementation of CA or 4,000 IU D3/kg, but the effect of phytase was more apparent in broiler chickens received CA or 4,000 IU D3/kg; however, the inclusion of phytase, CA, and 4,000 IU D3/kg simultaneously did not increase further bone strength (phytase × CA × D3, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the combination of phytase and CA was more effective than other possible combinations in improving growth performance of broiler chickens fed a diet severely limited in non-phytate P.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Prevention of necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), is one of the most important goals to improve the profitability of broiler chickens. This work aimed to ...compare the efficacy of 2 antibiotic alternatives including a postbiotic (dry feed additive and aqueous nonviable Lactobacillus (L.) species fermentation) and a probiotic (dry feed additive and aqueous Bacillus (B.) subtilis and B. lischeniformis mixture) with an antibiotic (amoxicillin in water) against NE. Four hundred, day-old broiler chicks were divided into 8 equal groups (Gs), n = 50 each (5 replicates; 10 each). Chickens of G1 (postbiotic dry-feed additive), G2 (postbiotic and antibiotic in drinking water), G3 (postbiotic dry and aqueous), G4 (probiotic dry-feed additive), G5 (probiotic and antibiotic in drinking water), G6 (probiotic dry and aqueous), and G7 (nontreated) were orally inoculated with a toxigenic C. perfringens type A on the d 19 to 21 of age and predisposed with 3X coccidial vaccine for induction of NE. However, chickens of G8 were kept nontreated or challenged. The severity of NE signs was markedly decreased in G3 in comparison with other challenged treatment groups, and the mortality rates were 22%, 10%, 16%, 22%, 12%, 20%, and 36% in Gs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The best significant (P ≤ 0.05) feed conversion ratio was detected in G3 (1.51), G6 (1.54), and G2 and G8 (1.61). In addition, the European production efficiency factor was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved in G3 (279.33) and G2 (266.67), but it was decreased in G7 (177.33) when compared with G8 (339.33). An improvement in intestinal and hepatic pathology and liver function tests, as well as a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in bacterial counts were observed in Gs 2, 5, 3, 6, 1, and 4, respectively in comparison with G7. Immunologically, the highest significant (P ≤ 0.05) hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers for Newcastle disease virus vaccine were in Gs 1 and 3 (6.4 log2). In conclusion, the combined feed and water postbiotic treatment demonstrated promising results in ameliorating the severity of NE and improving the hepatic and the immune status of broiler chickens when compared with the commonly used probiotic and antibiotic.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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