Vietnam is a significant consumer of wildlife, particularly wild meat, in urban restaurant settings. To meet this demand, poaching of wildlife is widespread, threatening regional and international ...biodiversity. Previous interventions to tackle illegal and potentially unsustainable consumption of wild meat in Vietnam have generally focused on limiting supply. While critical, they have been impeded by a lack of resources, the presence of increasingly organised criminal networks and corruption. Attention is, therefore, turning to the consumer, but a paucity of research investigating consumer demand for wild meat will impede the creation of effective consumer-centred interventions. Here we used a mixed-methods research approach comprising a hypothetical choice modelling survey and qualitative interviews to explore the drivers of wild meat consumption and consumer preferences among residents of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Our findings indicate that demand for wild meat is heterogeneous and highly context specific. Wild-sourced, rare, and expensive wild meat-types are eaten by those situated towards the top of the societal hierarchy to convey wealth and status and are commonly consumed in lucrative business contexts. Cheaper, legal and farmed substitutes for wild-sourced meats are also consumed, but typically in more casual consumption or social drinking settings. We explore the implications of our results for current conservation interventions in Vietnam that attempt to tackle illegal and potentially unsustainable trade in and consumption of wild meat and detail how our research informs future consumer-centric conservation actions.
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Purpose This study aims to analyze the development of digital market characteristics particularly focusing on how the strategic choices of platforms are not fully reflected in pricing. In addition, ...the implications for the development of theories of harm are investigated to explore the necessity of a relevant market definition in assessing infringement and evaluating the adequacy of Indonesian competition law. Design/methodology/approach This study is a legal analysis that uses statutory approaches, cases, comparative law and the development of theories of harm in digital mergers. The case approach is conducted by analyzing three cases decided by the Indonesia Business Competition Supervisory Commission. This approach provides insight into the response of Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha concerning the merger and acquisition cases in the digital era as well as the provision of different analyses in conventional markets. However, competition can be potentially damaged in digital markets and a comparative law approach is taken by analyzing digital merger cases decided by authorities in other countries. Findings Results reveal that the digital market has created a “relevant market” that is challenging and blurred due to multi-sided network effects and consumer data usage characteristics. Platform-based enterprises’ prices fluctuate due to the digital market’s network effect and consumer data statistics. Smartphone prices depend on the number of apps and consumer data. Neoclassical theory focusing on product markets and location applied in Indonesia must be revised to establish a relevant digital economy market. To evaluate digital mergers, new harm theories are needed. The merger should also protect consumer data. Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection and Government Regulation on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions protects online consumers, a basic step in due diligence for digital mergers. The Indonesian Government should promptly strengthen the notion of “relevant markets” in the digital economy, which could lead to fair business competition violations like big data control. Notify partners or digital merger participants of the accessibility of sensitive data like transaction history and user location. Originality/value The development of digital market characteristics has implications for developing theories of harm in digital markets. Indonesian competition law needs to develop such theories of harm to analyze the potential for anticompetitive digital mergers in the digital economy era.
In a recent study, it might not be possible to refer letter of credit fraud cases to arbitration instead of litigation. Alavi’s research suggested that there could be some obstacles, such as ...obtaining banks’ response and cooperation; the different and high standards of proof of fraud required; and the difficulty in obtaining an injunction. His study answered a question proposed by Blodgett and Mayer as to whether arbitration would ever take place in letter of credit disputes. This short research paper will answer this question, but from a different angle: whether arbitration will provide more appropriate judgments (award) than litigation regarding letter of credit disputes. This question arises from the writer’s observation that, in the past twenty years, different judgments have been issued for similar disputes.
Default neglect in attempts at social influence Zlatev, Julian J.; Daniels, David P.; Kim, Hajin ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
12/2017, Volume:
114, Issue:
52
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Current theories suggest that people understand how to exploit common biases to influence others. However, these predictions have received little empirical attention. We consider a widely studied ...bias with special policy relevance: the default effect, which is the tendency to choose whichever option is the status quo. We asked participants (including managers, law/business/medical students, and US adults) to nudge others toward selecting a target option by choosing whether to present that target option as the default. In contrast to theoretical predictions, we find that people often fail to understand and/or use defaults to influence others, i.e., they show “default neglect.” First, in one-shot default-setting games, we find that only 50.8% of participants set the target option as the default across 11 samples (n = 2,844), consistent with people not systematically using defaults at all. Second, when participants have multiple opportunities for experience and feedback, they still do not systematically use defaults. Third, we investigate beliefs related to the default effect. People seem to anticipate some mechanisms that drive default effects, yet most people do not believe in the default effect on average, even in cases where they do use defaults. We discuss implications of default neglect for decision making, social influence, and evidence-based policy.
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The impact case enhances the understanding of socio-legal research that contemplates the development of novel legal company forms which serve the well-being of humans and nature equally. Introducing ...novel company law forms for social change regards research in the field of social entrepreneurship and law, such as the development of tailor-made legislation for social enterprises in the Netherlands. Current legal forms for companies in the Netherlands do not support types of social entrepreneurial activity. Our research influenced directly the regulatory-making process of the novel forthcoming company law entity named the Besloten Vennootschap maatschappelijk (BVm), i.e., the private limited company with societal purpose which is about to be introduced in the Dutch company legislation. Particularly, our research team: (i) formulated key indicators for the BVm, which were accepted by the government in 2020 and will form the basis for new legislation which is currently being drafted; (ii) generated multiple academic studies, publications, seminars and conferences, as well as a PhD dissertation about the topic; (iii) supported many social enterprises in finding suitable legal forms (through educational programs, network sessions and collaboration with company and tax law experts).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Since early 2017, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority has warned that climate change is a foreseeable and material risk, and that companies would be more closely monitored. Last September, ...the Australian Securities and Investments Commission concluded that many companies were breaking the law by failing to adequately consider and disclose climate risk. And in February, a Market Forces report entitled Investing in the Dark found that of the 72 "high-risk" companies analyzed, barely half (57%) identified climate change as a material business risk. Only 32% disclosed detailed discussion of specific climate risks and opportunities, and just 14% provided comprehensive scenario analyses demonstrating the company's future viability in a 2°C warming pathway, as set out in the 2015 UNFCCC Paris Agreement.
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In bankruptcy legal system in Indonesia, the court can issue bankruptcy verdict without assess a company’s solvency condition, whether the company is solvent or insolvent. The provision of this law ...is very prone to be misused by creditors with bad faith. Insolvency test is able to protect debtors and to prevent the abuse of bankruptcy by malice creditors. This paper aims to analyze the legal protection of solvent companies from bankruptcy abuse in Indonesian legal system. By using normative and juridical approach, the results showed that the insolvency test can be included in the future amendment of Indonesian bankruptcy law. The implementation of insolvency test therefore is not administered outside the bankruptcy proceedings, but still in the respective bankruptcy proceedings. Insolvency test can be implemented by judges based on convincing evidences such as money report made by registered Public Accountant Office. A debtor, with bad faith, should not be eligible to get protection to avoid himself from bankruptcy with the insolvency test, although the debtor has good solvability.
Best Practices in the Acquisition of a Government Contractor, Second Edition identifies key transactional issues that arise in transactions involving government contractors across corporate, ...antitrust, political, foreign investment and other areas of law. Readers will receive targeted, and most importantly, useful advice from practitioners who have been involved in hundreds of transactions (often on opposite sides of each other). Readers will also learn from their hard-earned experience in the form of bold "Best Practice Tips" and this volume's highly structured, easy to reference format. Each page is designed to allow a reader to quickly grasp a key issue to readily deploy in their practice. This volume also includes detailed appendices and forms that will help practitioners to supplement their existing forms, gather key documents and perform comprehensive government contracts due diligence.Topics include:The Due Diligence ProcessScope of Government Contracts ReviewCost Issues Particular to Government ContractsClaims, Disputes, and Bid ProtestsAdequacy of the Target's Compliance ProgramOther Risk AreasAcquisition Documents and Pre-Closing ActivitiesAntitrust RequirementsCFIUS Approval for Foreign Ownership and InvestmentExisting Contracts - Dealing with the Anti-Assignment StatuesIssues for the Combined Company
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