Sustainability and Corporate Governance is the first extensive and targeted guide for directors and their legal advisors on creating a governance framework for corporations that integrates all the ...recognized principles of sustainability now being discussed in boardrooms all over the world. The book provides a step-by-step approach on integrating sustainability principles into the activities of the board of directors including detailed guidance on legal, regulatory and business aspects of organizing and operating board committees and designing the sustainability management unit. Essential topics covered include:
Elements of an effective framework for implementation of sustainability governance, including required policies, procedures and committee charters
Organization of the governing board to effectively address sustainability issues and implement sustainability strategies
Best practices and processes to engage company stakeholders
Corporate board members and attorneys will appreciate the book's practical forms and checklists, complete coverage of all facets of sustainability governance, summaries of relevant international and national guidelines and instruments, and a curated list of samples and case studies from companies all around the world.
IMPORTANCE: Manufacturers, companies, and health care professionals and organizations use an array of promotional activities to sell and increase market share of their products and services. These ...activities seek to shape public and clinician beliefs about laboratory testing, the benefits and harms of prescription drugs, and some disease definitions. OBJECTIVE: To review the marketing of prescription drugs, disease awareness campaigns, health services, and laboratory tests and the related consequences and regulation in the United States over a 20-year period (1997-2016). EVIDENCE: Analysis (1997-2016) of consumer advertising (Kantar Media data for spending and number of ads); professional marketing (IQVIA Institute for Human Data Science, Open Payments Data Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services); regulations and legal actions of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), state attorneys general, and US Department of Justice; and searches (1975-2018) of peer-reviewed medical literature (PubMed), business journals (Business Source Ultimate), and news media (Lexis Nexis) for articles about expenditures, content, and consequences and regulation of consumer and professional medical marketing. Spending is reported in 2016 dollars. FINDINGS: From 1997 through 2016, spending on medical marketing of drugs, disease awareness campaigns, health services, and laboratory testing increased from $17.7 to $29.9 billion. The most rapid increase was in direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising, which increased from $2.1 billion (11.9%) of total spending in 1997 to $9.6 billion (32.0%) of total spending in 2016. DTC prescription drug advertising increased from $1.3 billion (79 000 ads) to $6 billion (4.6 million ads including 663 000 TV commercials), with a shift toward advertising high-cost biologics and cancer immunotherapies. Pharmaceutical companies increased DTC marketing about diseases treated by their drugs with increases in disease awareness campaigns from 44 to 401 and in spending from $177 million to $430 million. DTC advertising for health services increased from $542 million to $2.9 billion, with the largest spending increases by hospitals, dental centers, cancer centers, mental health and addiction clinics, and medical services (eg, home health). DTC spending on advertising for laboratory tests (such as genetic testing) increased from $75.4 million to $82.6 million, although the number of ads increased more substantially (from 14 100 to 255 300), reflecting an increase in less expensive electronic media advertising. Marketing to health care professionals by pharmaceutical companies accounted for most promotional spending and increased from $15.6 billion to $20.3 billion, including $5.6 billion for prescriber detailing, $13.5 billion for free samples, $979 million for direct physician payments (eg, speaking fees, meals) related to specific drugs, and $59 million for disease education. Manufacturers of FDA-approved laboratory tests paid $12.9 million to professionals in 2016. From 1997 through 2016, the number of consumer and professional drug promotional materials that companies submitted for FDA review increased from 34 182 to 97 252, while FDA violation letters for misleading drug marketing decreased from 156 to 11. Since 1997, 103 financial settlements between drug companies and federal and state governments resulted in more than $11 billion in fines for off-label or deceptive marketing practices. The FTC has acted against misleading marketing by a single for-profit cancer center. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Medical marketing increased substantially from 1997 through 2016, especially DTC advertising for prescription drugs and health services. Pharmaceutical marketing to health professionals accounted for most spending and remains high even with new policies to limit industry influence. Despite the increase in marketing over 20 years, regulatory oversight remains limited.
Cyber-physical systems constitute a disruptive technology across many industries, with a strong impact on economies and social processes. Their applications in many domains, from manufacturing to ...agriculture and from critical infrastructure to assistive living, brings challenges in technology, business, law and ethics.
In Portugal, Decree-Law no. 231/81 of July 28 defines the association in a participation contract as the association of a person with an economic activity carried out by a third party, with the ...former participating in the profits and/or losses for the latter. A joint-stock association is not a civil or commercial society because it is not attributed to any legal personality. Conversely, there is no shared economic activity. The member exercises the activity without any intrusion from the member and shares the profits and (eventually) losses with the member. It's a legal business. For the law, it is the associate that arises in legal relations with third parties as the owner of the business and its rights and obligations. The partnership agreement does not constitute a new legal entity or even an autonomous asset. It is a contract for the distribution of results without property autonomy or legal personality. In addition to the management functions, it is also up to the associate to settle and deliver the VAT due to the state.
One of the most important ways to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in higher education is to incorporate business incubators. However, there are other legal considerations related to the ...development and administration of these incubators, including commercial law and educational legislation. The legal framework governing the creation of business incubators in higher education institutions is examined in this qualitative investigation. The study examines liability concerns, contractual agreements, intellectual property rights, and regulatory compliance through interviews and document analysis. The results shed light on the difficulties and possibilities present in academic business incubation programs, providing legislators, college administrators, attorneys, and other interested parties with useful information
Small businesses (0–19 employees) are becoming attractive targets for cyber-criminals, but struggle to implement cyber-security measures that large businesses routinely deploy. There is an urgent ...need for effective and suitable cyber-security solutions for small businesses as they employ a significant proportion of the workforce.
In this paper, we consider the small business cyber-security challenges not currently addressed by research or products, contextualised via an Australian lens. We also highlight some unique characteristics of small businesses conducive to cyber-security actions.
Small business cyber-security discussions to date have been narrow in focus and lack re-usability beyond specific circumstances. Our study uses global evidence from industry, government and research communities across multiple disciplines. We explore the technical and non-technical factors negatively impacting a small business’ ability to safeguard itself, such as resource constraints, organisational process maturity, and legal structures. Our research shows that some small business characteristics, such as agility, large cohort size, and piecemeal IT architecture, could allow for increased cyber-security.
We conclude that there is a gap in current research in small business cyber-security. In addition, legal and policy work are needed to help small businesses become cyber-resilient.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The purpose of this research is to reveal the dynamics of social, economic, and cultural changes in agribusiness institutions in oil palm development locations. Then reveal the role of each ...agribusiness institution in the location of oil palm development. Using a qualitative approach to build a post-positivism approach. The research location is limited to the community (in this case farmers), consisting of independent farmers and plasma farmers. The results of the study found that there were changes in demographic patterns around oil palm plantations that other researchers had not uncovered (the findings of this study), namely social stratification, patterns of indirect (easier) interactions, and improved health status. The role of institutions in supporting agriculture is very vital in accommodating the interests of farmers. The farmer groups formed are capable of acting as learning vehicles, production units, and collaboration vehicles. In terms of increasing the capacity of farmers, extension agents also play an important role in supporting farming. Specifically, Cooperatives do not only partner, providing production, transportation, and Marketing Facilities, besides that there is risk management. Risk management covered by cooperatives is engineering business, financial, social, and legal risk management.
Disruptive Technologien, globale Krisen und hochkomplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirtschaft, Recht und Gesellschaft stellen nationale wie supranationale Regulierungsinstanzen vor wachsende ...Herausforderungen. Insbesondere im Kontext der COVID-19-Pandemie ist daher die Frage nach der Rolle theorie- und evidenzbasierter Grundlagen politischer und unternehmerischer Entscheidungen verstärkt in den Mittelpunkt der Diskussion gerückt. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickeln die Beiträger des vorliegenden Tagungsbandes innovative Regulierungsansätze, die theorie- und evidenzbasiert eine effiziente und zugleich ethisch-wertorientierte Verwirklichung von Regulierungszielen ermöglichen. Behandelt werden fünf Themenblöcke: Gesundheitspolitik, Steuerpolitik, Kartellrecht, Wirtschaftsrecht und Unternehmensrechnung. Auf der Grundlage der Perspektiven aus Rechtswissenschaft, Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Psychologie und Philosophie werden effektive Strategien für eine theorie- und evidenzbasierte Regulierung in den vorgestellten Bereichen entwickelt.
Während in Europa in den letzten 20 Jahren intensiv um den Einfluss des "More Economic Approach" gerungen wurde, hat sich in den USA mit "Behavioral Antitrust" ein neuer verhaltensökonomischer ...Wettbewerbsansatz hervorgetan. Dieser geht bei der wettbewerbsrechtlichen Analyse nur noch von beschränkt rationalen, willensstarken und eigeninteressierten Marktakteuren aus. Die verhaltensökonomische Analyse des Wettbewerbsrechts kann als Basis für einen wiederum neuen Wettbewerbsansatz gesehen werden: dem "More Realistic Approach". Dieser Ansatz will die Wettbewerbspolitik soweit wie möglich von den unrealistischen, theoretischen Annahmen befreien und mit empirisch erhärteten Fakten unterfüttern: Die Wettbewerbspolitik soll sich am realen Verhalten und den realen Zielen der Marktakteure orientieren, und damit der wettbewerbsrechtlichen Analyse realistischere Modelle zugrunde legen. Martin Meier geht dabei der grundlegenden Frage nach, wo die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der verhaltensökonomischen Analyse des Wettbewerbs liegen.
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