The block design test (BDT) has been used for over a century in research and clinical contexts as a measure of spatial cognition, both as a singular ability and as part of more comprehensive ...intelligence assessment. Traditionally, the BDT has been scored using methods that do not reflect the full potential of individual differences that could be measured by the test. Recent advancements in technology, including eye-tracking, embedded sensor systems, and artificial intelligence, have provided new opportunities to measure and analyze data from the BDT. In this methodological review, we outline the information that BDT can assess, review several recent advancements in measurement and analytic methods, discuss potential future uses of these methods, and advocate for further research using these methods.
The nesprins also known as SYNEs (synaptic nuclear envelope proteins) are a family of type II transmembrane proteins implicated in the tethering of membrane-bound organelles and in the genetic ...aetiology of cerebellar ataxia and Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. They are characterized by a common structure of an SR (spectrin repeat) rod domain and a C-terminal transmembrane KLS (klarsicht)/KASH klarsicht/ANC-1 (anchorage 1)/SYNE homology domain which interacts with SUN Sad1p/UNC (uncoordinated)-84 proteins in the nuclear envelope; most nesprins also have N-terminal actin-binding CH (calponin homology) domains. The genes encoding the three vertebrate nesprins (five in bony fish) and the small transmembrane actin-binding protein calmin are related to each other by ancient duplications and rearrangements. In the present paper, we collate sequence data for nesprins and calmins across the vertebrate clade and use these to study evolutionary constraints acting on their genes. We show that the rod domains of the larger nesprins are composed almost entirely of unbroken SR-like structures (74 in nesprin-1 and 56 in nesprin-2) and that these range from poorly conserved purely structural elements to highly conserved regions with a presumed protein-protein interaction function. The analysis suggests several interesting regions for future study. We also assess the evolutionary and EST (expressed sequence tag) expression support for nesprin isoforms, both known and novel; our findings suggest that substantial reassessment is required.
In this paper, the inventory presented for singlet CH (calponin homology/actin binding) domain containing human multidomain proteins 1 is extended to several duplex and one quadruplet CH containing ...forms. Invariably, the duplexes are located at the begin of the molecules. The regions connecting the two CH units suggest amino acid conservations which allows the placing of 18 duplex containing molecules into six groups wherein the gene for one member in each group created the others more recently by gene duplication. The ancient multidomain proteins, possibly, were primarily the result of an exon shuffling (transposition) mechanism that also guided the placing of the CH singlet or duplex domain at the amino end of the newly created proteins. A mechanism that creates pseudogenes could conceivably produce genes that encode multi-domain proteins. Intragenomic duplications (slippage) might have facilitated the occurrence of encoding repeats, thus allowing for the creation of multiple identical domains within one molecule. Gene duplication with subsequent modification and small domain gene recombination which formed multidomain proteins are important forces driving evolution.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A cDNA named calmin of ∼3.2 kb was isolated by RNA differential display applied to developing mouse skin. Calmin cDNA encodes 1021 amino acids with two calponin homology (CH) domains in tandem on the ...N-terminal side and a transmembrane domain on the C-terminal side. The region covering the CH domains showed a high level of homology with β-spectrin, α-actinin, and dystrophin. Among the proteins with the tandem CH domains, calmin is unique in having a transmembrane domain. Three alternative splicing sites were identified at the 3′-side of calmin, giving rise to polymorphic protein products with or without the transmembrane domain. The calmin transcript was detected in adult testis, liver, kidney, and large intestine; the expression in testis was far stronger than that in the other tissues. In situ hybridization and immunostaining revealed that calmin was expressed in maturing spermatogenic cells at later stages. Human calmin cDNA was also isolated, and its exon/intron organization was determined.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We examined the expression in the mouse brain of a recently isolated protein named calmin that has two calponin-homology domains in tandem at the N-terminus and a transmembrane domain at the ...C-terminus. Calmin mRNA and protein were detected in neurons of the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and thalamus, Purkinje cells, and also in the choroid plexus and ependymal cells. The protein is present predominantly in dendrites and cell bodies of the neurons, but not in axons. Furthermore, the amounts of calmin mRNA and protein increase during the period of maturation of the mouse brain after birth, in a manner similar to that of PSD95 and synaptophysin. These results indicate that calmin may be involved in the development and/or maintenance of neuronal functions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Cittaslow hareketi, Greve in Chianti’nin (İtalya) eski belediye başkanı Paolo Saturnini’nin öncülüğünde 1999 yılında ortaya çıkmış ve bu hareket şehirlerin yaşam kalitesini iyileştirmek ve farklı bir ...kalkınma modeli ortaya koymaları için geliştirilmiştir. Günümüzde 30 ülkede 262 üyesi olan Cittaslow hareketinin amacı Slowfood felsefesini şehirsel boyuta taşımaktır. Türkiye’de Cittaslow hareketine son olarak 23 Mart 2019 tarihinde Köyceğiz ve Ahlat’ın dahil edilmesiyle birlikte bu harekete üye olan şehir sayısı 17 olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de Sakin Şehir Hareketi’ne en son dâhil olan Ahlat’ta yerel paydaşları oluşturan kamu kurum ve kuruluşları, meslek örgütleri, sivil toplum kuruluşları, turizm endüstrisi içerisinde yer alan kişi ve kuruluşların Sakin Şehir Hareketi’ni nasıl algıladığı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu hareketin şehrin kalkınması ve gelişmesine katkı sunup sunmadığına ilişkin yapılan araştırmanın bulgularına yer verilmektedir. Ahlat şehrindeki yerel paydaşların Sakin Şehir hareketine dair algı, tutum ve beklentilerini ölçmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma, nitel bir araştırmaya dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda amaçlı örneklem yöntemiyle belirlenen yerel paydaşlarla derinlemesine görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşme sonuçları betimsel bir analizle değerlendirilerek, yerel paydaşların Sakin Şehir hareketine dair algı ve yaklaşımları ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara göre Ahlat şehrinde yerel paydaşların Sakin Şehir hareketi konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu akımın şehirde henüz kalkınma ve gelişmeye etki edecek bir düzeyde olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
