•The Modified CANDLE burnup scheme using natural uranium directly as fuel cycle input.•The reactor used 208Pb-Bi eutectic as coolant material to increase reactivity.•The design has excess reactivity ...lower than 0.5% Δk/k during its operational time.•It also has power peaking factor lower than 2.0 during its operation.•The burnup level of the discharged fuel is about 48% FIMA.
In the CANDLE burnup scheme, the burnup moves in the axial direction continuously. Meanwhile, the Modified CANDLE (MCANDLE) burnup scheme divides the core into several equal volume parts in the axial or radial direction. It can increase the utilization of natural uranium by using natural uranium as fuel cycle input. The use of 208Pb-Bi eutectic as a coolant can increase the criticality of the reactor. The core was divided into six discrete regions in radial directions. The refueling scheme was optimized to obtain an excellent reactor design. SRAC code system was used for neutronic calculations and JENDL 4.0 was used for the nuclear data library. A scheme that located natural uranium in the central region and nearby to the highest burnup level fuel has an excess reactivity lower than 0.5% Δk/k and PPF lower than two during operation time. The scheme also has a burnup of natural uranium spent fuel ∼ 48% FIMA.
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GEOZS, IJS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ
This paper presents the prediction and evaluation of thrust force and surface roughness in drilling of composite material using candle stick drill. The approach is based on Taguchi method and the ...artificial neural network. The experimental results indicate that the feed rate and the drill diameter are the most significant factors affecting the thrust force, while the feed rate and spindle speed contribute the most to the surface roughness. In this study, the objective was to establish a correlation between the feed rate, spindle speed and drill diameter with the induced thrust force and surface roughness in drilling composite laminate. The correlations were obtained by multi-variable regression analysis and radial basis function network (RBFN) and compared with the experimental results. The results indicate the RBFN is more effective than multi-variable regression analysis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Candle soot, traditionally considered as an unwanted source of air-pollution, has slowly been phased out by modern lighting techniques. However, a 2007 study by Liu and co-workers first brought to ...light the presence of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in untreated candle-soot (CS). Subsequent studies revealed that these soot-generated CNPs can be refined and extracted for various applications including humidity sensing, trace element detection and biomedical to Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis and solar collector among others. There are over 100 published articles dealing with fabrication, extraction, treatment and application of CS derived CNPs. However, unlike traditional carbon-based nanostructures including graphene and fullerene, this field lacks the presence of a systematic endeavour to tap into the vast potential of candle-soot. Therefore, this article aims to present a focused review on the topic of CS derived CNPs and their potential applications. The paper starts with a brief introduction on the topic of candle-soot and its historic significance. This is followed by a description of the techniques used to extract, refine and functionalize these carbon particles. Thereafter the reported applications of candle-soot derived nanostructures and their comparative analysis with the current state-of-art are provided. Finally, a section discussing future scopes and challenges is presented followed by conclusions.
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Reported herein is a novel eco-friendly and low-cost oil-water separation mesh that can achieve a high separation efficiency up to 99%, while the prepared mesh maintained excellent performance even ...after immersion in salty water for 5 days, or cycle use for 20 times. The superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic mesh was modified with a layer of rough nano silica by soot template method firstly, and then the mesh was covered with the calcium alginate hydrogel coating via a simple dip-coating method. The synergistic effect of the low-cost nano-silica and environmentally friendly calcium alginate hydrogel not only endowed the mesh with outstanding oil-water separation performance but also overcame the shortcoming of high-cost and pollutive in the fabrication of oil-water separation materials. The prepared mesh maintained excellent oil-water separation efficiency and water permeation flux, even after treatment in various harsh environments. The cost-effective and eco-friendly oil-water separation mesh holds great potential in the treatment of industrial and domestic waste oil.
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•A multifunctional self-floating photothermal materials (CS-CMPsHM) were synthesized.•The CS-CMPsHM are capable of adsorption antibiotics by interfacial steam generation.•The improved ...adsorption was due to specific π-π electron-donor–acceptor interactions.•Wastewater purification was achieved in simulated and actual water samples.•The inhibitory effect of the collected water on plant growth was significantly reduced.
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) technology holds the promise of purification and removal of organic pollutants from water samples. In this work, an efficient SDIE composed of multifunctional self-floating photothermal materials based on candle soot-coated conjugated microporous polymer hollow spheres (CS-CMPsHM) for treatment of tetracycline (TC) wastewater is reported. By depositing candle soot nanoparticles, CS-CMPsHM achieved excellent interfacial evaporation performance by extending the light absorption. Additionally, the π-π interaction between CMP's unique conjugated network and TC molecules and the well-developed porosity facilitates the capture of target contaminants. The synthesized CS-CMPsHM evaporator demonstrated remarkable properties, i.e., excellent photothermal performance (with superior photothermal conversion efficiency up to 94 % and evaporation rate of 1.55 kg m−2h−1 under one sun irradiation), extremely low wet thermal conductivity (0.075 W m-1K−1), reusability, superior salt resistance, stability, adsorption of pollutants and renewable performance. Furthermore, CS-CMPsHM remains its excellent purification performance from real water samples (the Yellow River) measured by a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometer. The results of biological toxicity show that the purified water recovered by the SDIE method effectively reduced the phytotoxicity of TC. With its straightforward and scalable manufacturing process, our CS-CMPsHM demonstrates promising potential as advanced photothermal materials for the treatment of various pollutants using SDIE.
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By facile modification with candle soot on the copper mesh, the candle assisted Cu-Cu-C superhydrophobic and superoleophilic film is prepared on copper mesh, and acts a tool to separate oil-water ...mixtures effectively and quickly. The process is short time consuming and low cost without any organic reagent and complicated chemical reaction.
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Oil water separation techniques have attracted more and more attention due to the increasing accidents of oil spills in marine transportation, food, and other industry fields. Oily waste water and water-cut oil are harmful to the ecological environment and human health. However, traditional separation methods posed low efficiency and high cost. So low cost, simple process and high efficiency separation materials are urgently needed. In this work, a low cost carbon nanoparticles acted as hydrophobic materials were used to modify rough copper mesh during the candle combustion. Surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and surface wettability was tested by contact angle (CA) meter.
Experimental results showed that water CA of the mesh after modification were above 150°, and oil CA is less than 5°, which showed good super-hydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Additionally, the modified mesh also exhibited pronounced chemical stability, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and oil/water separation properties with high oil flux (4378Lm−2h−1) and oil–water separation efficiency (>90%). Moreover, the modified mesh posed high separation efficiency and oil flux after 30 reused cycles. The modification process is short time consuming and low cost without any organic reagent and complicated chemical reaction. Therefore, it is believed that the facile fabrication proposed in this work may provide a novel strategy for oil water separation membrane and make the modified mesh a promising tool for application in oil-water separation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been considered as essential components for various applications including sensors, quantum dots, electrocatalysts, energy storages, lubrication, and functional ...coatings. Uniform and functional CNP materials can be obtained from candle soot. However, the production of CNPs from candle soot is not a continuous process, limiting the practical production and applications of such materials. Here, a rotating-deposition and separation system for high-efficiency production of low-cost and high-quality CNPs from candle soot is presented. The characteristic of CNPs can be controlled by adjusting the system parameters. Moreover, obtained CNPs can act as photothermal superhydrophobic anti-icing coatings on various substrates. With a sliding angle of less than 3°, water drops can keep rolling off without further nucleation of ice. The reported preparing method is suitable for large-scale applications and various kinds of surfaces and shows great potentials in the growing demands of anti-icing.
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The candle soot particles were collected from the inner and outer regions of the candle flame and their dye adsorption capacities were compared. The surface area of inner flame particles (IFP) and ...outer flame particles (OFP) was recorded as 48 and 88 m2 g−1, respectively. The coatings of OFP and IFP were found hydrophobic and hydrophilic, respectively. The adsorptive removal of Methylene blue (MB) (conc. 50 mg l−1) was ∼40% higher with OFP than that of IFP. Similarly, significantly higher adsorption was recorded during the adsorption of ciprofloxacin and detergent for OFP than that of IFP. The pseudo-second-order model is found most suitable to explain the kinetic data of adsorption.
•This work has demonstrated 3-dimensional geometrical modeling based on continuous energy for uranium nitride fuel with lead–bismuth cooled CANDLE reactor using MCNP6 code to analyst neutronic ...aspects.•The enriched plutonium compositions were set as initial fuel composition from LWR spent fuel at the upper zone without burnable poison to control the reactivity.•In Axial direction, the core was divided into 10 regions for tracking the burning wave and assessing neutronic performance.•Equilibrium state occurs after 30 years of operation and shows that the power fraction, nuclide densities and neutron flux distribution remain constant, and moving in axial direction.•Burning wave velocity can be calculated from the shifting of power peak position for several thermal power core designs, the burning wave velocity for 800 MWth, 600 MWth and 400 MWth thermal power are ∼ 2.5 cm/year, ∼1.56 cm/year and ∼ 1 cm/year respectively.•Fission products that occurred in equilibrium state can be predicted as an ideal CANDLE fuel composition and can be used as references for the next study.
The neutronic analysis of full-core 3-dimensional geometrical modeling for a CANDLE reactor was conducted in this study, utilizing uranium nitride fuel and the MCNP6 code based on continuous energy. The fuel core composition was sourced from advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) spent fuel with a 5-year cooling time and 49 GWd/t of burnup. The burnable poison adjustment was omitted in this design, as theoretically, the CANDLE reactor can maintain criticality without control rods. To streamline the modeling process, the radial direction of the fuel core composition was homogeneously designed. Additionally, for tracking the burning wave and assessing neutronic performance, the axial direction was segmented into 10 regions, each with a 25-cm height. The total burnup calculation spanned 80 years, with the assumption of 10,000 neutron number histories per cycle, aimed at identifying the time required to reach equilibrium. This study also investigated the impact of thermal power variation on neutronic results within the same core geometry. It was observed that power distribution and nuclide number densities shifted with a constant shape in the axial direction. As a breeder reactor, the conversion ratio of the CANDLE reactor for various thermal powers exceeded unity, with higher thermal power facilitating faster equilibrium state attainment. Burning wave velocity was calculated by analyzing the shifting of power peak positions for different thermal power core designs, revealing velocities of approximately ∼ 2.5 cm/year, ∼1.56 cm/year, and ∼ 1 cm/year for thermal powers of 800 MWth, 600 MWth, and 400 MWth, respectively.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
