This paper addresses the relation between capital and digital labour in the context of so-called platform capitalism. Based on the taxonomy proposed by A. Casilli--on-demand labour, crowdwork or ...microwork, and social media labour--I argue that the concept of exploitation is not sufficient to fully account for the logic of platform capitalism, as it only makes up one of its dimensions. The other central dimension is that which targets data capture, which I call, using Harvey's term, 'dispossession'. Far from proposing a fixed delimitation of the concept of labour, I argue that the two dimensions operate together and, in many cases, it is difficult to isolate them, but they do demand the invention of different political strategies.
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Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kapitalizme geçiş tartışmaları güncelliğini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kurumsal bir kredi mekanizmasının yokluğunda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulu kapitalist ilişkilerin ...gelişebilmesinde sermayenin rolü şirketleşme pratiği üzerinden araştırılmıştır. Bunun için XIX. yüzyıl Bursa ipek sektörü örneğinden hareket edilmiştir. Bursa ipek sektörünün seçilmiş olmasının nedeni, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Avrupa piyasaları ile en fazla bütünleşmiş sektörü olmasıdır. Sektörün bu niteliği, Batı Avrupa ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu sanayi kapitalizmi yönünden karşılaştırmaya imkân sağlamıştır. Karşılaştırma yapabilmek için Batı Avrupa şirketleşme tarihi, ikincil kaynaklar ve konu üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurumsal organizasyonların ortaya çıkışı ve gelişmesinde etkili olan siyasi, dini ve sosyokültürel özellikler göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Söz konusu özelliklere bağlı olarak, Batı Avrupa'daki şirketleşmeden farklı bir biçimde, ham madde-ara mal üretimi noktasında da olsa Bursa ipek sektöründe kapitalist dönüşümün sarraf-yabancı/azınlık tüccar-bürokrat iş birliğinin resmi ve zımni anlaşmaları yoluyla gerçekleştiği anlaşılmıştır. Ancak kapitalist dönüşüm nihai-mamul mal (ipekli dokuma) ile diğer tekstil imalatında gözlenmeyip, İngiltere ile imzalanan 1838 Balta Limanı Anlaşması'yla birlikte İmparatorluğun merkezçevre ilişkisine tam olarak eklemlenmesi sonucunda bu faaliyet kollarında istihdam ve üretim kaybı yaşanmıştır.
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27.
Books received
The China quarterly (London),
06/2019, Volume:
238
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Screening Communities: Negotiating Narratives of Empire, Nation, and the Cold War in Hong Kong Cinema. Challenging Beijing's Mandate of Heaven: Taiwan's Sunflower Movement and Hong Kong' Umbrella ...Movement. MooreScott M. Subnational Hydropolitics: Conflict, Cooperation, and Institution-Building in Shared River Basins.
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The distinguished sociologist Richard Sennett surveys major differences between earlier forms of industrial capitalism and the more global, more febrile, ever more mutable version of capitalism that ...is taking its place. He shows how these changes affect everyday life-how the work ethic is changing; how new beliefs about merit and talent displace old values of craftsmanship and achievement; how what Sennett calls "the specter of uselessness" haunts professionals as well as manual workers; how the boundary between consumption and politics is dissolving.
In recent years, reformers of both private and public institutions have preached that flexible, global corporations provide a model of freedom for individuals, unlike the experience of fixed and static bureaucracies Max Weber once called an "iron cage." Sennett argues that, in banishing old ills, the new-economy model has created new social and emotional traumas. Only a certain kind of human being can prosper in unstable, fragmentary institutions: the culture of the new capitalism demands an ideal self oriented to the short term, focused on potential ability rather than accomplishment, willing to discount or abandon past experience. In a concluding section, Sennett examines a more durable form of self hood, and what practical initiatives could counter the pernicious effects of "reform."
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The English East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organizations in history.Between Monopoly and Free Tradelocates the source of that success in the innovative policy by which ...the Company's Court of Directors granted employees the right to pursue their own commercial interests while in the firm's employ. Exploring trade network dynamics, decision-making processes, and ports and organizational context, Emily Erikson demonstrates why the English East India Company was a dominant force in the expansion of trade between Europe and Asia, and she sheds light on the related problems of why England experienced rapid economic development and how the relationship between Europe and Asia shifted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Though the Company held a monopoly on English overseas trade to Asia, the Court of Directors extended the right to trade in Asia to their employees, creating an unusual situation in which employees worked both for themselves and for the Company as overseas merchants. Building on the organizational infrastructure of the Company and the sophisticated commercial institutions of the markets of the East, employees constructed a cohesive internal network of peer communications that directed English trading ships during their voyages. This network integrated Company operations, encouraged innovation, and increased the Company's flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness to local circumstance.
Between Monopoly and Free Tradehighlights the dynamic potential of social networks in the early modern era.
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