The antibacterial properties of egg yolk antibodies have been known for many years. Enhanced antibiotic resistance has resulted in increased need for using these antibodies as an alternative. In the ...present study, generation, capsulation, and inhibition growth properties of IgY directed against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (SI) were evaluated. White Leghorn layer hens were immunized using whole cell of inactivated SI. Salmonella Infantis-specific antibody activities in sera and egg yolk were determined by ELISA. A total of 480 one-day-old male "Cobb 500" chicks were randomly divided into 8 groups, with 6 replications of 10 birds kept for 21 D. All birds from 7 challenged groups were orally inoculated with 1 mL of SI suspension (1 × 10
CFU/mL) at 3 and 4 D of age. Two groups were dietary supplemented with 5 g/kg immune powdered yolk or nonimmune powdered yolk. One group was dietary supplemented with 12.8 g/kg capsulated immune yolk (CIY). Two groups were given 8.3 mL/L of immune water-soluble yolk or nonimmune water-soluble yolk fraction in drinking water. In the antibiotic group, 1 mL/L Enrofloxacin 10% was added to drinking water. All supplements except for the antibiotic (on Day 4 for 10 D) were added on day one and continued during the experiment. Negative and positive control groups received no supplements. During the experiment, among the challenged groups, the minimum SI cecal colonization and the lowest isolation of SI from the liver (P < 0.01) was observed in the antibiotic group. Following antibiotic group, in the group receiving CIY, colonization of bacteria in ceca and liver was significantly reduced during the second and third weeks of the experiment (P < 0.01). According to the results, capsulated specific IgY has a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of Salmonella under the conditions of this study in comparison with other forms of IgY antibody.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The effects of alkaline pH and ultrasound treatment on the formation, structure, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and protective properties of natural casein micelles were investigated. With raising ...the pH, the turbidity of skim milk reduced while the size of casein micelle particles as well as their physical stability and encapsulation capability increased, likely due to the loose-fitting structure of natural casein micelles and the electrostatic repulsion between the casein molecules where all these changes ultimately led to an increase in availability of interior hydrophobic areas. As a result, the hydrophobic compounds can be incorporated in the most interior part of natural casein micelles where with the further pH change they can be encapsulated as nano-particles. Moreover, the EE was 92–97% depending on the measurement technique and oil content. Furthermore, the protective effect of casein micelle nanocapsules against UV showed a considerable difference on oxidative stability. Based on our findings, a novel approach was presented to utilize the natural casein micelles of fresh milk, while maintained their natural structure and functions, for nano-encapsulation and stabilization of the hydrophobic nutraceuticals which can be potentially used for enrichment and fortification of foodstuffs as well as pharmaceutics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Vault nanoparticles packaged with enzymes were synthesized as agents for efficiently degrading environmental contaminants. Enzymatic biodegradation is an attractive technology for in situ cleanup of ...contaminated environments because enzyme-catalyzed reactions are not constrained by nutrient requirements for microbial growth and often have higher biodegradation rates. However, the limited stability of extracellular enzymes remains a major challenge for practical applications. Encapsulation is a recognized method to enhance enzymatic stability, but it can increase substrate diffusion resistance, lower catalytic rates, and increase the apparent half-saturation constants. Here, we report an effective approach for boosting enzymatic stability by single-step packaging into vault nanoparticles. With hollow core structures, assembled vault nanoparticles can simultaneously contain multiple enzymes. Manganese peroxidase (MnP), which is widely used in biodegradation of organic contaminants, was chosen as a model enzyme in the present study. MnP was incorporated into vaults via fusion to a packaging domain called INT, which strongly interacts with vaults’ interior surface. MnP fused to INT and vaults packaged with the MnP-INT fusion protein maintained peroxidase activity. Furthermore, MnP-INT packaged in vaults displayed stability significantly higher than that of free MnP-INT, with slightly increased K m value. Additionally, vault-packaged MnP-INT exhibited 3 times higher phenol biodegradation in 24 h than did unpackaged MnP-INT. These results indicate that the packaging of MnP enzymes in vault nanoparticles extends their stability without compromising catalytic activity. This research will serve as the foundation for the development of efficient and sustainable vault-based bioremediation approaches for removing multiple contaminants from drinking water and groundwater.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
A tapered single-mode coreless single-mode (SCS) structure with high sensitivity for sensing refractive index is described. In order to achieve high specificity of optical biosensors, here enzyme ...capsulation film was achieved by embedding urease in zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8/urease) through in situ growth approach on the coreless fibers. Determination of urea is achieved through online monitoring of its binding to the urease in zeolitic imidazolate framework. Refractive index change result in wavelength shifts of the optical fiber biosensor. The resonance wavelength exhibits a good linear relationship with urea concentration in the range of 1 to 10 mM with detection limit of 0.1 mM and sensitivity of 0.8 mM/RIU (refractive index unit) if operated with broadband light ranging from 1525 nm to 1590 nm. Final assessment of optical biosensor in real sample was performed where excellent performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity was observed.
Schematic representation of experimental setup and mechanism for urea detection. A tapered single-mode coreless single-mode (SCS) structure is placed between a broadband light source ranging (BBS) and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). ZIF-8/urease composites are applied as a recognition layer for urea detection.
Essential oils (EOs) and their main constituents, the terpenes, are widely studied, mostly relating to their antioxidant ability and bioactivity, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, ...and range of other actions in the living systems. However, there is limited information on their bioavailability, especially upon clinical studies. Having in mind both strong biological effects and health benefits of EOs and their specific physicochemical properties (volatility, lipophilic character, low water solubility or insolubility, viscosity, expressed odor, concentration-dependent toxicity, etc.), there is a need for their encapsulation for target delivery. Encapsulation of EOs and their constituents is the prerequisite for enhancing their oxidative stability, thermostability, photostability, shelf life, and biological activity. We considered various carrier types such a (1) monophase and polyphase polysaccharide hydrogel carriers, (2) polysaccharide-protein carriers, and (3) lipid carriers in the context of physicochemical and engineering factors. Physicochemical factors are encapsulation efficiency, chemical stability under gastric conditions, mechanical stability, and thermal stability of carrier matrices. Choice of carrier material also determines the encapsulation technique. Consequently, the engineering factors are related to the advantage and disadvantage of various encapsulation techniques frequently used in the literature. In addition, it was intended to address the interactions between (1) main carrier components, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids themselves (in order to form chemically and mechanically stable structure); (2) main carrier components with pepsin under gastric conditions (in order to form resistant material under gastric conditions); and (3) main carrier components with EOs (in order to enhance encapsulation efficiency), as a necessary precondition for whole process optimization. Finally, different sources for obtaining natural carrier macromolecules are surveyed, especially the agro-waste materials and agricultural and food by-products. This review article highlights the bioavailability aspects of encapsulated EOs and physicochemical and engineering factors concerning natural macromolecule carriers for their target delivery and application.
We report on the first detection of 2 cases of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type a (Hia) disease in Italy. The cases were sustained by the same Hia "strain" belonging to the ST23 clone that has ...previously been reported only outside Europe. The emergence of invasive Hia disease is of concern.
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This article provides information on the synthesis of esterified derivatives of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (EPAN) based on the polymer waste “Nitron” for use as an encapsulating reagent. The ...elemental and structural compositions of potassium humate and the organic polymer were determined using a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-6490l V) and an IR Fourier spectrometer (Zhimadzu IR Prestige-21). A method is presented for determining the strength of the encapsulated granules of potassium humates using an IPG-1M device and a TAXTplus texture analyzer (Stable Microsystems). The scientific novelty of the article lies in the synthesis of EPAN from “Nitron” polymer waste using sodium hydroxide in the presence of ethylene glycol at a temperature of 370 K for 4 h, followed by the use of 0.5% synthesized solution for encapsulating the granular potassium humate produced from humic acid to give a strength of up to 17.3 kg and prolonged action to the granules. The effect of EPAN concentration on the encapsulation process of granular potassium humates was investigated and studied. The mechanism for the formation of a protective layer of granular potassium humates in the form of a transparent film has been established. The results of the experimental work were processed using the integrated program Statistica-10, which showed a 3D simulation of the process. Microscopic, IR spectral, X-ray phase and thermogravimetric analyses of the encapsulated potassium humate were carried out using modern instrumental devices (MicroXRF Analysis Report, monochromator D878-PC75-17.0, TGA/DSC 1HT/319). The encapsulated durable potassium humate granules provide longer-term nutrition, i.e., a slow, gradual release of plant nutrients in the soil. The use of the produced high-strength encapsulated potassium humate granules allows for restoring soil fertility and increasing the yield of agricultural plants. The encapsulated granules can withstand numerous transshipments and long-term transportation while maintaining the commercial and consumer properties of the product.
The delivery of active probiotic cells in capsules can reduce probiotic cell loss induced by detrimental external factors during digestion. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions for the ...encapsulation of Weissella cibaria JW15 (JW15) within calcium and polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐alginate with chicory root extract powder (CREP). JW15 was encapsulated as the core material (109 cells/mL, 2 mL/min), and a solution containing a mixture of 1.5% sodium alginate and 1% CREP was extruded into a receiving bath with 0.1 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 0.05% PEG. Capsule morphology and size were measured using optical microscopy. The optimal air pressure and frequency vibration for capsules containing alginate only (Al) were 200 mbar and 200 Hz, respectively and 100 mbar and 350 Hz for capsules containing alginate with CREP (Ch), respectively. The voltage for both capsules types was fixed at 1.35 kV. Then, the capsules were incubated in a simulated gastrointestinal (GI) system for 6 hr at 37 °C. The addition of PEG in a CaCl2 hardening solution led to degradation of the Ch capsule (Ch–PEG) and the release of cells into the small intestine vessel in the simulated GI system. By contrast, the cells were trapped within the Al capsules. Based on these data, effective encapsulation using alginate with CREP and PEG can enable JW15 to be released at a targeted anatomical site of activity within the GI system, thereby, enhancing the efficacy of probiotic cells. These protective effects can be leveraged during the development of probiotic products.
Practical Application
Weissella cibaria JW15 (109 cells/mL) was encapsulated in biodegradable and biocompatible capsules, prepared by mixing 1.5% alginate with 1% chicory root extract powder (CREP) in 0.1 M CaCl2 and 0.05% PEG using an encapsulator. The optimal processing parameters were as follows: pressure, 100 mbar; vibration frequency, 350 Hz; voltage, 1.35 kV; and core flow rate, 2 mL/min. When the resulting capsules were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal system for 6 hr, the cells were released into the small intestine, and up to 95% cell viability was preserved. These results suggest that capsules made from alginate with CREP and formulated using calcium and PEG are a promising delivery system for probiotic cells.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this work, we show a novel magnetic composite material
(
= {Cd(L)
(H₂O)(DMA)(CH₃CN)}
) (H₄L = 1,1′-di(3,5-dicarbonylbenzyl)-2,2′bimidazoline, DMA =
,
-dimethylacetamide) constructed by in situ ...growth of
on Fe₃O₄, which has excellent absorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solution. The
particle possesses a well-defined core-shell structure consisting of a Fe₃O₄ core (diameter: 190 nm) and a
shell (thickness: 10 nm). In the composite, the
shell contributes to the capsulation of cationic dyes through electrostatic attractions between
and cationic dyes, while the Fe₃O₄ core serves as magnetic particle. The maximum absorption capacity of
for R6G was 362.318 mg·g
. The absorption kinetics data were well described by a psedo-second-order model (R² > 0.99), and the equilibrium data were also well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model (R² > 0.99). Our data confirmed that the proposed magnetic composite could be recycled and reused several times without centrifugal separation, making it more convenient, economic and efficient than common adsorbents.
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