A field experiment was carried out in the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the agricultural fields in the Muqdadiya, Al-Harouniya district, located 40 km northeast of the Baquba district of ...Diyala governorate. The agrarian soil was classified as silty clay (Soil Survey Staff, 2006). It is located at a longitude of 53° 34’ N and latitude of 56° 04° 45° S. The experiment aimed to study the effect of adding chemical and organic fertilizers and spraying seaweed extracts on NPKS concentrations and cauliflower yield. The investigation included three factors: adding organic fertilizer (buffalo waste) at three levels (0, 5 and 10)% of the terrace’s size, symbolized by M1, M2 and 3M, respectively. It was added at a depth of 0-30 cm a month before planting the seedlings in the field. The second factor was the addition of NPK compound chemical fertilizer (20:20:20) at two levels (0 and the full fertilizer recommendation is 300 kg H-1 when planted as a feed) and symbolized by 1 C and 2 C, respectively. The third factor is spraying seaweed extract with three levels (0, 2 and 4) ml L-1 illustrated by A1, A2 and according to an RCBD randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment results showed that adding organic fertilizer (10% of the size of the terrace) led to a significant increase in the head’s weight, reaching 1.611 kg. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of organic fertilizer (10% of the size of the terrace) led to a significant increase in the weight of the head, as it reached 1.611 kg plant-1, the sulfur concentration in the fruits was 2.00 mg sulfur kg-1, the nitrogen concentration in the leaves was 4.68%. The phosphorous concentration in the leaves was 25%, and the potassium concentration in the leaves was 2.05%; chemical fertilization also increased head weight from 1.385 kg. Plant-1 to 1,108 kg Plant-1.There was an increase in each of the sulfur concentrations in fruits from 2.00% to 1.53%, in the nitrogen concentration in the leaves from 4.60% to 3.48% and an increase in the phosphorous concentration in the leaves from 0.37% to 0.26% and an increase in the potassium concentration in the leaves from 2.78% to 2.27 %, spraying seaweed extracts at a concentration of 4 mmol. L-1 led to a significant increase in head weight, which reached 1.282 kg. Plant-1, nitrogen concentration in leaves 803% and potassium concentration in leaves 2.58%.As for the triple interaction
.Keywords: chemical fertilization, organic fertilization, seaweed extracts, cauliflower.
Thiamin is a crucial vitamin with a vast variety of anti-oxidative and physiological roles in plants subjected to abiotic stresses. We examined the efficiency of foliar-applied thiamin (50 and 100 ...mM) on growth, yield quality and key-biochemical characteristics of two cultivars (FD1 and FD3) of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) under water-deficit stress. Water stress at the rate of 50% field capacity (F.C.) markedly decreased the plant biomass, leaf total phenolics and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents. In contrast, drought-induced increase was noted in the leaf hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2 ), AsA, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), glycinebetaine (GB), total soluble proteins and oxidative defense system in terms of high activities of peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes and the inflorescence (total phenolics, proline, GB, MDA, H.sub.2 O.sub.2, and activities of SOD and CAT enzymes) characteristics of cauliflower. However, foliar-applied thiamin significantly improved growth and physio-biochemical attributes except leaf and inflorescence MDA and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 contents of both cauliflower cultivars under water stress. Overall, application of thiamin enhanced the plant growth may be associated with suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated antioxidants defense system of cauliflower.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Nutritional recommendations emphasize fruit and vegetable consumption. This is related to health-benefits associated with bioactive nutritive molecules (nutrients, vitamins, minerals, fibers, …) as ...well as non-nutritive phytochemicals (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, bioactive peptides, …) content of these types of foods. Fermented fruit or vegetable products are part of various diets worldwide. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation is common among the various fermentation processes used. It produces changes in both profile and types of bioactive compounds. Molecules such as bioactive peptides, short chain fatty acids or polysaccharides are generated while sugar content or anti-nutritional compounds are decreased and phenolic compounds are converted to molecules with added biological value. These transformations, associated with prebiotic and/or probiotic potential supply as well as improvement of food components bioaccessibility and bioavailability, result in modifications of health-related properties. Lastly, interactions between ingested fermented food, intestinal microbiota and their correlations to metabolomics profiles and health represent an important perspective deserving to be further explored.
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•Fruits and vegetables are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals of interest such as polyphenols.•Lactic fermentation is an ancestral process of food preservation but with a renew interest.•Fermentation increases the level of health beneficial compounds and hydrolyses anti-nutrients.•Fermented plant products could contribute to good health benefits.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a persistent threat to crop production worldwide. The present study examined the putative roles of nitric oxide (NO) in improving Cd-tolerance in cauliflower ...(Brassica oleracea L.). The present study was conducted using four different genotypes of B. oleracea named as FD-3, FD-4, FD-2 and Ceilo Blanco which were subjected to the Cd stress at various concentrations i.e., 0, 5, 10 and 20 µM with or without the application of NO i.e., 0.10 mM in the sand containing nutrient Hoagland’s solution. Our results illustrated that the increasing levels of Cd in the sand, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, germination percentage, germination index, mean germination time, time to 50% germination, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in all genotypes of B. oleracea. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Cd accumulation (roots and shoots) increased significantly (P < 0.05) under the increasing levels of Cd in all genotypes of B. oleracea while antioxidant (enzymatic or non-enzymatic) capacity and nutritional status of the plants was decreased with varying levels of Cd in the sand. From all studied genotypes of B. oleracea, Ceilo Blanco and FD-4 was found to be most sensitive species to the Cd stress under the same levels of the Cd in the medium while FD-2 and FD-3 showed more tolerance to the Cd stress compared to all other genotypes of B. oleracea. Although, toxic effect of Cd in the sand can overcome by the application of NO which not only increased plant growth and nutrients accumulation but also decreased the oxidative damage to the membranous bounded organelles and also Cd accumulation in various parts of the plants in all genotypes of B. oleracea. Hence, it was concluded that application of NO can overcome Cd toxicity in B. oleracea by maintaining the growth regulation and nutritional status of the plant and overcome oxidative damage induced by Cd toxicity in all genotypes of B. oleracea.
•The increasing levels of Cd decreased plant growth and physiological attributes in B. oleracea genotypes.•Among all studied genotypes of B. oleracea, FD-2 and FD-3 was more tolerant to Cd stress than Ceilo Blanco and FD-4.•Application of NO decreased Cd uptake in the plant parts and increased plant growth and nutritional quality in the plants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
Mitochondria serve as major sites of ATP production and play key roles in many other metabolic processes that are critical to the cell. As relicts of an ancient bacterial endosymbiont, ...mitochondria contain their own hereditary material (i.e. mtDNA, or mitogenome) and a machinery for protein biosynthesis. The expression of the mtDNA in plants is complex, particularly at the post‐transcriptional level. Following transcription, the polycistronic pre‐RNAs undergo extensive modifications, including trimming, splicing and editing, before being translated by organellar ribosomes. Our study focuses on N6‐methylation of adenosine ribonucleotides (m6A‐RNA) in plant mitochondria. m6A is a prevalent modification in nuclear‐encoded mRNAs. The biological significance of this dynamic modification is under investigation, but it is widely accepted that m6A mediates structural switches that affect RNA stability and/or activity. Using m6A‐pulldown/RNA‐seq (m6A‐RIP‐seq) assays of Arabidopsis and cauliflower mitochondria, we provide information on the m6A‐RNA landscapes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea mitochondria. The results show that m6A targets different types of mitochondrial transcripts, including known genes, mtORFs, as well as non‐coding (transcribed intergenic) RNA species. While ncRNAs undergo multiple m6A modifications, N6‐methylation of adenosine residues with mRNAs seem preferably positioned near start codons and may modulate their translatability.
Significance Statement
Our study focuses on N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) in plant mitochondria. The significance of m6A‐RNA modifications is under investigation, but it is widely accepted that m6A mediates structural switches that affect RNA stability or activity. Biochemical and RNA‐seq analyses indicate that m6A targets all types of mtRNAs, including coding regions, introns, untranslated regions (UTRs), as well as transcribed intergenic species. While non‐coding‐RNAs undergo multiple modifications along the transcripts, in coding‐genes m6A is predominantly positioned around start codons and may modulate mitochondrial RNA translatability.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Effects of L. plantarum and temperatures on cauliflower leaf silages were studied.•L. plantarum inoculum prevented the nutrient loss during ensiling.•The well-preserved silages were ...achieved at 35 °C with L. plantarum inoculation.•L. plantarum inoculation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus of silages.•Bacterial community correlated with organic components and fermentation products.
In order to enable rapid disposal and proper preservation of discarded vegetable for waste valorization, ensiling was employed to preserve cauliflower leaves for 30 days at different temperatures (20 ~ 45 °C) with and without the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum L8. The L. plantarum inoculant reduced dry matter (DM) loss and enhanced the preservation of protein and soluble carbohydrate while decreasing pH and ammonia nitrogen content. The silages at 35 °C exhibited the best fermentation profile characterized by the highest lactic acid content (185 g·kg−1 DM) and the lowest pH (4.08) and ammonia nitrogen content (37.6 g·kg−1 total nitrogen) with L. plantarum inoculation. The presence of exogenous L. plantarum improved the silage fermentation, enriched Lactobacillus and Weissella, and reduced the microbial richness/diversity, resulting in efficient lactic acid fermentation, especially at 30 and 35 °C. Moreover, the microbial community dynamics was correlated with the chemical compositions and fermentation metabolites in silages.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Broccoli seeds were primed by mixing the seeds with vermiculite and H2O at a ratio of 1:1.5:2 (w/w/v) followed by two days incubation at 15 °C in the dark. Cauliflower seeds were primed by mixing ...the seeds with vermiculite and H2O at a ratio of 1:1.5:1 (w/w/v) followed by two days incubation at 20 °C in the dark.•The treatment of seed with a 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl solution decreased broccoli and cauliflower seed germination vigor, germination index and vigor index, and increased seed germination time. The primed broccoli and cauliflower seeds showed an increase of germination vigor, germination index and vigor index, and a decrease of mean germination time compared with the non-primed seeds under the non-stressed or salt-stressed condition.•The SMP treatment increased the activities of peroxidase and catalase, and the contents of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in both broccoli and cauliflower seedlings compared with the non-primed seedlings.
Salt stress affects seed germination and seedling growth. In this study, the effects of solid matrix priming (SMP) and salt stress on broccoli and cauliflower seed germination and early seedling growth were investigated. Physiological and biochemical changes in broccoli and cauliflower seeds and seedlings after the SMP and/or salt stress treatment were determined. Broccoli seeds were primed by mixing the seeds with vermiculite and H2O at a ratio of 1:1.5:2 (w/w/v) followed by two days incubation at 15 °C in the dark. Cauliflower seeds were primed by mixing the seeds with vermiculite and H2O at a ratio of 1:1.5:1 (w/w/v) followed by two days incubation at 20 °C in the dark. The primed and non-primed seeds were air-dried and then germinated on filter papers pre-wetted with H2O containing 0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl. The results showed that, without SMP treatment, the seed germination vigor (GV), germination index (GI) and vitality index (VI) were all inhibited and the mean germination time (MGT) was increased after the treatment with 100, 150 or 200 mM NaCl. The results also showed that the negative effects caused by the salt stress could be alleviated by the SMP treatment. The primed broccoli and cauliflower seeds showed an increase of GV, GI and VI compared with the non-primed seeds under the non-stressed or salt-stressed conditions. In addition, our result showed that the SMP treatment increased the activities of peroxidase and catalase, and the contents of proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein in both broccoli and cauliflower seedlings. We consider that the SMP treatment is useful approach for the improvement of broccoli and cauliflower seed germination and seedling establishment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The natural bacterial communities of the soil–plant system are relevant in the process of suppressing diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. However, little is known regarding the structure of ...these communities in soils cultivated with brassica vegetables and their relationship with clubroot severity, a disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. In the present study, the composition of bacterial communities in soils cultivated with cauliflower with distinct levels of disease severity was compared. The bacterial composition in soils with lower and higher clubroot severity differs in phylum and genera levels. Soils associated with plants with lower disease severity showed predominance of Kaistobacter, Flavisolibacter, Sphingobacterium, Koribacter, Nitrospira, Bradyrhizobium and Bacillus. Our study reinforces the importance of management strategies that promote improving the physical–chemical characteristics of soil, which are essential to modulate bacterial populations correlated with plant disease suppression.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Purple cauliflower had lower microspore embryogenesis than white and orange cauliflower.•Dicamba (0.5 µmol·L-1) enhanced microspore embryogenesis & plantlet regeneration in purple cauliflower.•The ...deep purple cauliflower DHP03 was superior to the donor plant in nutrient content.
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is an important vegetable grown worldwide. Colored cauliflower is highly desirable because of its aesthetic appearance and nutritional benefits. The use of isolated microspore culture technology to obtain doubled haploid (DH) lines could expedite breeding. However, the low frequency of microspore embryogenesis, particularly in colored cauliflowers, remains a major hurdle for the practical application of this technique. In this study, nine genotypes of cauliflower microspores were successfully induced among the 15 differently colored genotypes. The addition of 0.5 µmol·L−1 dicamba to NLN-13 medium increased the number of embryos per bud in purple cauliflower genotypes 20WY06, 20WY08, and 20WY10. The number of embryos was 4.64-, 5.45-, and 4.03-folds higher than that of the control, respectively. Meanwhile, 0.5 µmol·L−1 dicamba effectively promoted plantlet regeneration. The spontaneous diploidization rates of the purple cauliflower ranged from 52.63% to 54.76%, suggesting potential applicability in breeding without artificial doubling. A total of 76 purple cauliflower DH lines were generated. One DH line identified, DHP03, with high vitamin C and anthocyanin could be further applied to purple cauliflower breeding. This is the first study to utilize dicamba in improving the rate of microspore embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration, supply the DH lines in hybrid seeds, and shorten the breeding cycle of purple cauliflower.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Dual frequency sweep ultrasound decreased surface bacteria of freshly cut cauliflower.•Washing solutions ZA, TS, ET improved bacteria reduction and shelf-life.•Physical properties of washing ...solution effected ultrasound cavitation.
This study investigated the effect of single and dual frequency ultrasound washing on freshly cut cauliflower, by pulsed and sweep frequency modes, with or without the addition of zinc acetate (ZA), tea saponin (TS) and ethanol (ET). Results showed that the surface microorganisms were efficiently decreased by sweep dual frequency ultrasound washing. Moreover, the use of 0.5% ZA, or 0.06% TS or 5% ET as washing solution improved the bacterial reduction efficiency. Reducing the interfacial tension, viscosity and contact angle of washing solution may strengthen ultrasound cavitation. Nearly 2.0 log CFU/g natural microorganisms were decreased, and shelf life was extended from 2 to 4–8 days under 4 °C. Physicochemical parameters of bioactive compounds content, enzyme activity, antioxidant ability, freshness were analyzed. Results showed that 0.5% ZA as washing solution of ultrasound washing was beneficial to the quality maintenance during storage period.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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