•Adverse childhood experiences are common and associated with childhood depression.•Resilience factors may moderate the relationship between ACEs and childhood depression.•Interaction analyses showed ...higher resilience may reduce the impact of ACEs on depression.•New and continued efforts to develop and measure resiliency interventions are needed.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common among children. Little is known on how resilience factors and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may moderate the relationship between ACEs and childhood depression.
Our study fills this gap by providing recent, nationally representative estimates of ACE and PCE exposure for ages 8-17 and examines the associations between ACE exposure and PCEs on the outcome of depression.
Data were drawn from the nationally representative 2016-2017 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) and included a total sample of 40,302 children and adolescents.
Chi square analysis and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess associations of depression with 9 ACE and 6 PCE exposures. Additive and multiplicative interactions were examined between ACE exposure and PCEs (resiliency measures) on depression. Survey sampling weights and SAS survey procedures were used.
Our study found that 4% of children had current depression and those with an ACE count greater than four had increased odds (aOR: 2.29; CI: 1.74-3.02). Multivariate regressions demonstrated associations between depression and low resiliency as well as significant interactions between ACE exposure and three PCEs. Children who were exposed to greater than four ACEs and did not exhibit resilience had 8.75 higher odds of depression (CI: 5.23-14.65) compared to those with less than four ACEs and some resilience.
These findings illustrate the need for the promotion of PCEs and the building of resiliency for combatting depression and reducing the impact of trauma in children and adolescents.
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Many researchers have examined the cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and found that higher levels of ACEs increase the risk for worsening health conditions. Recent research ...has moved beyond the simple counting of ACEs, to develop a more nuanced understanding of the ways in which ACEs are experienced. Despite evidence that ACEs are experienced differentially by race, limited attention has been paid to these differences. The objective of the current study is to understand whether groupings of ACEs are experienced similarly across racial groups. A subsample of Latinx, Black, and White children were drawn from the National Survey of Children's Health 2016 data release was used as the sample (N = 43,711). The primary measure included in the study were 9 ACE indicators available in the survey. We use descriptive and latent class analysis to examine whether similar clusters of ACEs appear across racial groups. We found that White children had lower exposure to specific ACEs as well as total number of ACEs compared to non-Latinx Black and Latinx Children. In addition, there was not configural similarity between race/ethnic groups and the latent class structure of ACE exposure varies by child race/ethnicity, suggesting important differences by child race. Understanding the disparities in children's experiences can inform screening and intervention development.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Prior research has focused almost exclusively on the count of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and has failed to recognize important racial differences in these experiences. It is critical that we consider how race may influence ACE exposure and move toward meaningful interpretation of screening as the field simultaneously considers how to better match interventions to meet children's needs.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked with negatively impacting child and adult health outcomes. Clinicians are integral in identifying childhood adversities and offering supportive ...measures to minimize negative effects. This systematic literature review included 13 ACE studies that examined the acceptability, feasibility, and implementation of ACE screenings from the perspectives of clinicians and patients. The findings of this review can assist clinicians in considering the appropriateness of ACE screenings for their patients and the ethical and practical issues that must be addressed for effective screening implementation.
•Patients find adverse childhood experience (ACE) questionnaires an acceptable part of care and are willing to review with their clinician.•Patients and clinicians report discussing ACE screens improves the patient-clinician relationship.•ACE screenings are feasible to incorporate into a variety of health care settings, including outpatient visits and home visits.•The successful implementation of ACE screenings includes education and training for clinicians and support staff.•The availability of local resources should be assessed and a referral system in place before implementing ACE screenings.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, Rachel M. Heydon and Luigi Iannacci shed light on the ways in which joint notions of normality and abnormality are used to pathologize childhood.
Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may experience emotional, social, and psychological difficulties, heightened due to the interpersonal nature of harm. Despite the demonstrated ...effectiveness of trauma-focused treatments in the West, a culturally specific understanding of the needs of and treatments for survivors in South Asia is still in its infancy. The study aimed to systematically review research findings on the mental health impacts of CSA on adult survivors and current treatment approaches and their efficacy and acceptability in South Asia. Seven databases (Scopus, Ovid, CINAHL, ProQuest, EThOS, Google Scholar, and Dogpile) and five peer-reviewed South Asian journals were searched from inception until March 30, 2023. Searches included participants who were adult survivors of CSA of South Asian origin residing in South Asia. Studies on their mental health, different treatments, and the efficacy and acceptability of these treatments were included. Quality assessment tools were used to appraise the quality of included studies. The results were synthesized narratively. A total of 3,362 records were retrieved, and 24 articles were included in the final review. Twenty studies reported mental health impacts of CSA on adult survivors, four studies reported current treatments offered, and two studies were on recovery. However, no study focused on the efficacy or acceptability of the treatments being delivered. Even though the needs of adult CSA survivors in South Asia have been partly identified, there is very little research into the treatments for them.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A "must read" for practitioners, policy makers and researchers interested in the detail and the theory underpinning this important family literacy initiative′ - Neil McClelland OBE, Director, ...National Literacy Trust `The REAL Project is one of the best conceptualized, most intensively documented and successful British family literacy initiatives and the book provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of this powerful project. It is essential reading for anyone working alongside families to promote children′s early development′ - Professor Nigel Hall, Institute of Education, Manchester Metropolitan University Anyone involved in the field of early-childhood literacy should be familiar with the work of the REAL (Raising Early Achievement in Literacy) Project. Here, leading members of the project team Cathy Nutbrown, Peter Hannon and Anne Morgan, discuss the research. An essential guide to the subject, this book will be of great practical use to all in the field of early childhood literacy: students, practitioners and course leaders on literacy and early childhood courses. The authors discuss the policy contexts of early-childhood and literacy today and use their experience of the REAL project to discuss and illustrate practical research and evaluation strategies for family literacy workers. They examine the issues from all perspectives: teachers, parents and young children. The book concludes with examples of how the theoretical framework of the REAL Project (ORIM) has been used by other practitioners and an examination of the implications of such work for the future of early-childhood and literacy policy development.
•The prevalence of childhood maltreatment ranged 0.31-0.38 depending on subtype.•Substance use disorder samples reported almost one third of people with single types of maltreatments.•Childhood ...maltreatment rates vary between different continents and are more commonly in North America.
Substance use disorder is known to be associated with childhood trauma, yet prevalence estimates have varied markedly due to methodological differences. The meta-analysis presented here aimed to estimate prevalence rates of childhood trauma for people with substance use disorder using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF).
Four major public databases (PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and PsycINFO) were searched for eligible studies until April 2nd, 2018.
Ten studies were included with a total sample size of 1,310 across six countries. The prevalence estimates of each subtype of childhood trauma across all substance use disorder samples were: emotional abuse (38%, 95% CI: 28%-48%); physical abuse (36%, 95% CI: 27%-45%); sexual abuse (31%, 95% CI: 23%-41%); emotional neglect (31%, 95% CI: 18%-45%) and physical neglect (32%, 95% CI: 25%-40%). Subgroup analysis by continent demonstrated that the highest prevalence rates of emotional abuse were found in North America and South America (45%). Compared with other continents, the prevalence rates of North America were the highest for physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect (39%-44%).
Childhood trauma is prevalent among substance use disorder samples compared to the general population. Different continents have different levels of prevalence of childhood trauma, which may be due in part to socioeconomic, cultural and definitional variations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Research on positive childhood experiences (PCEs) as counterparts to childhood adversity has surged in the last five years. A systematic review of the additive and interactive effects of childhood ...adversity and PCEs across adult outcomes is needed that contextualizes the long-term correlates of childhood experiences within a developmental perspective.
The current review synthesizes the empirical evidence for PCEs as resilience factors for a range of adult outcomes.
Articles published until May 2023 were systematically identified according to PRISMA Guidelines through PubMed and PsycINFO databases and references of included articles. Then, 131 records were screened, and 58 studies were included.
Higher levels of PCEs were significantly but modestly associated with lower levels of childhood adversity. Higher levels of PCEs were associated with outcomes reflecting mental health, psychosocial functioning, physical health and health behaviors, and psychosocial stress. Most studies found direct, promotive effects of PCEs for more favorable outcomes. Few studies found significant interaction effects between childhood adversity and PCEs on outcomes, suggesting that PCEs may more frequently directly promote positive outcomes rather than moderate the effects of adversity on outcomes.
Individuals' childhood adversity and PCEs are somewhat independent sets of experiences; many individuals experience both, and the presence of one does not preclude the other. PCEs predict more favorable outcomes independent of childhood adversity more often than they interact with and moderate the effects of adversity on outcomes. Although the literature base is steadily growing, more research on PCEs in diverse and international samples is needed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have shown substantial effects on health across the lifespan. However, many studies on this topic discount the individual items as well as the distinction between ...household dysfunction and maltreatment experiences. Objective: The current study examined individual ACEs items as well as the relative contribution of the household dysfunction scale versus the childhood maltreatment scale for predicting mental health outcomes in adolescence. Lastly, we examined the utility of a cut-off score for ACEs in predicting mental health.
Data were from Time 4 of a longitudinal study of the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development (n = 352; Mean age = 18). Self reported ACEs were assessed via structured interview and mapped onto the original ACEs questionnaire (Kaiser-CDC). Mental health outcomes were symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and externalizing behavior.
MANCOVA showed few mean differences between those endorsing ‘yes’ versus ‘no’ for the household dysfunction items, with the exception of witnessing parental Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Those who endorsed witnessign IPV reported more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and trauma. On the other hand, all of the maltreatment items were asscociated with significantly higher scores on at least three of the four outcomes for those endorsing versus not. Sexual abuse and physical abuse were associated with symptoms of depression, trauma, and externalizing behavior. Neglect was associated with depressive, trauma, and anxiety symptoms. Emotional abuse and emotional neglect were both associated with all four mental health outcomes. When household dysfunction and maltreatment sum scores were entered into the model together, maltreatment primarily accounted for mental health symptoms. Finally, our results did not indicate a meaningful cutoff for the number of ACEs needed to predict mental health outcomes.
Our findings support the assessment of maltreatment events as more salient than household dysfunction in mental health treatment and caution health providers against only using the total ACEs score in clinical decision-making.
•All maltreatment items were associated with mental health symptoms.•Only two household dysfunction items had main effects on some outcomes.•All cut-off scores showed significant main effects on mental health.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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