Lime oil has recognized fungicidal and antibacterial properties. Nanoparticles and nanocapsules are structures that have been developed to overcome the high volatility of essential oils. Chitosan ...nanoparticles and chitosan nanocapsules incorporated with lime essential oil were synthesized by nanoprecipitation and nanoencapsulation methods, respectively. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Z potential was measured. Also, particle size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the antibacterial activity was studied. According to TEM, the average size of nanocapsules was higher than for nanoparticles. When lime essential oil was incorporated, the particle size increased. Lime essential oil incorporation was evidenced by FTIR. Chitosan nanocapsules showed higher Z potential value compared to chitosan nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was tested against four food-borne pathogens, being higher for nanoparticles than for nanocapsules. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for chitosan nanoparticles incorporated with lime essential oil applied against Shigella dysenteriae, attaining an inhibition halo (IH) value of 3.5 cm for 40 μL of minimum inhibitory volume (MIV). The novelty of incorporating lime essential oil into chitosan nanoparticles and nanocapsules and the study of their enhancing effect on antibacterial activity are shown in this paper.
•Lime essential oil was incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles and nanocapsules.•The antibacterial activity was higher for nanoparticles than for nanocapsules.•The highest antibacterial activity was observed against S. dysenteriae.•The minimum inhibitory volume was 40 μL with an inhibition halo of 3.5 cm.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•Propranolol-HCL loaded chitosan nanoparticles have been prepared successfully using ionic gelation technique.•Various formulation parameters were found to affect the properties of the chitosan ...nanoparticles.•Nanoparticles dispersed into gels characterized by having thixotropic behaviour with sustained drug release properties.
This study aimed at improving the systemic bioavailability of propranolol-HCl by the design of transdermal drug delivery system based on chitosan nanoparticles dispersed into gels.
Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation technique using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent. Characterization of the nanoparticles was focused on particle size, zeta potential, surface texture and morphology, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The prepared freeze dried chitosan nanoparticles were dispersed into gels made of poloxamer and carbopol and the rheological behaviour and the adhesiveness of the gels were investigated. The results showed that smallest propranolol loaded chitosan nanoparticles were achieved with 0.2% chitosan and 0.05% TPP. Nanoparticles were stable in suspension with a zeta potential (ZP) above ±30mV to prevent aggregation of the colloid. Zeta potential was found to increase with increasing chitosan concentration due to its cationic nature. At least 70% of entrapment efficiency and drug loading were achieved for all prepared nanoparticles. When chitosan nanoparticles dispersed into gel consisting of poloxamer and carbopol, the resultant formulation exhibited thixotropic behaviour with a prolonged drug release properties as shown by the permeation studies through pig ear skin. Our study demonstrated that the designed nanoparticles-gel transdermal delivery system has a potential to improve the systemic bioavailability and the therapeutic efficacy of propranolol-HCl.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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•Natural bio-based and active zein films were prepared successfully.•Uniform distribution of CNPs within the zein matrix was demonstrated by SEM.•CEO + CNPs improved the tensile ...strength and decreased the elongation of zein films.•Antimicrobial activity of zein composites were tested against E. coli and S. aureus.•Zein films loaded with CEO and CNPs can be promising natural packaging materials.
Natural bio-based zein films were prepared by incorporating cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) at 2% and 4% (w/w) amounts, respectively, in order to provide mechanical and antimicrobial functionalities. The physical, mechanical, structural and antibacterial properties of the enriched zein films were also scrutinized. The results showed that the combination of CEO-CNPs significantly improves the tensile strength and decreases the elongation of zein film composite. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, zein film experienced more crystallinity in the presence of CNPs and also combination of CNPs-CEO. Nano-scale size of CNPs and their uniform distribution within the zein film were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and proved by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial properties were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, observing that their growth was considerably inhibited by addition of CEO alone and in combination with CNPs in zein films, while CNPs-loaded zein film had no significant effect on the growth of microorganisms. Thus, it can be concluded that the reinforced zein based composites could be suggested as potential degradable film-forming materials for food packaging applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of control of wilt disease caused by Fusarium andiyazi through chitosan (CS) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). In the present study, the ...expression pattern of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins genes such as PR-1, PR-2 (β-1,3-glucanase), PR-8 (chitinase), and PR-10 was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. In vitro studies showed that among different concentrations (0.1–5.0 mg/ml), 5.0 mg/ml concentration of CS and CNPs produced maximum inhibition of radial mycelial growth, 54.8% and 73.81%, respectively. Also, upregulated expression of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, PR-1 and PR-10 genes were recorded with 1.48, 1.15, 1.15, and 1.41, fold expression in 24 hpi, respectively, in plants inoculated with CNPs. The most significant up-regulation was observed in transcript profile of SOD that showed 4.5-foldexpression, at 48 hpi. Therefore, our results confirmed that CS and CNPs induced up-regulation of PR-proteins and antioxidant genes might play a significant role for successful biocontrol.
•Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles showed antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium andiyazi.•Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles was higher than the chitosan.•Chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases genes were up-regulated by 1.15 and 1.48-fold, respectively.•The most significant up-regulation (4.5 fold) was observed in transcript profile of SOD.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•The Cinnamon essential oil encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.•Physical and antibacterial aspects of nanoencapsulated Cinnamon evidenced.•The most inhibition effect confirmed on Pseudomonas ...fluorescens.•The release of essential oil from chitosan nanoparticles exhibited Fickian behavior.•Lower release of Cinnamon compared to Zataria essential oil established.
Widespread consumption of essential oils as green and efficient preservative is limited due to high instability and volatility of bioactive components. This work aimed to improve the antibacterial impact of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CE) by encapsulating into chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) using an ionic gelation method against Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The success of CE encapsulation was confirmed by ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. The size of the obtained nanoparticles was 100−200 nm in diameter. Nanoparticles yield was around 55–72 % w/w. In vitro release analysis also indicated a controlled and sustained release of CE, an initial explosion impact and pursued by a slow-core release. The measure of freed CE was 21.4, 26.8, and 31.65 % in buffer media at a pH of 7, 5, and 3 after 40 days respectively. Further, experimental results showed the superior performance of CE-loaded CHNPs in comparison with CHNPs and CE alone against tested bacteria. The CE when encapsulated by CHNPs, offered the highest antibacterial activity. Such nanoparticles may represent a delivery system that could enhance the antibacterial impact of CE. It was verified that P. fluorescens show more sensitivity than E. carotovora and E. coli to CE-loaded CHNPs. However, the maximum antibacterial activity of CHNPs was recorded against E. coli. In brief, chitosan nanoparticles-based delivery system could be introduced as a practical approach to improve the use of natural antimicrobial agents in the health and food industries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) with an average size of 25.67 nm were synthesized via a novel wet chemical route and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform ...Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Comparative antibacterial assays of Chitosan NP suspensions prepared in water (at neutral pH) and in dilute acetic acid and chitosan gel prepared in dilute acetic acid/hydrochloric acid (all at concentrations up to 1%) were performed against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) bacteria using spread plate method. A parallel viability test was conducted to confirm the presence of surviving cells in the bulk test volume. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of chitosan gel was 0.5 mg/ml for the bulk chitosan dissolved in 0.05% v/v aq. acetic acid and 0.1 mg/ml for chitosan dissolved in 0.01% v/v aqueous (aq.) hydrochloric acid. In comparison, Chitosan NP were found to be growth promoter at neutral pH and exhibited cell protective efficacy in presence of aq. acetic acid. The biocidal activity of chitosan gel in acidic media was higher when prepared in strong inorganic acid, that is, aq. HCl in comparison with the gel prepared in a relatively weak organic acid that is, aq. CH3COOH at the same concentration. Antibacterial action also showed pH dependence with higher activity at lower pH. However, respective aq. acids also gave comparable bactericidal action; indicating that chitosan may not have any inherent antibacterial property and basically it acts as a growth promoter.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study was designed to evaluate the protective potentials of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wister albino rats. AgNPs, ...ChNPs, and AgNPs particles coated with ChNPs were characterized by using transmission electron microscope. Control rats were injected interperitoneally with 0.5% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose. Second group was given ChNPs at a dose 300 mg/kg bwt. Third group was given AgNPs at a dose 50 mg/kg bwt. Fourth group was given AgNPs with chitosan nanoparticles simultaneously. Fifth group was given silver nanoparticles coated with chitosan nanoparticles at a dose 300 mg/kg bwt. TEM showed the formation of AgNPs with average size of 42.7 nm, ChNPs with average size of 33.3 nm, and AgNPs coated with ChNPs with average size of 48.1 nm. AgNPs significantly reduced serum levels of FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin, sperm count, morphology index, vitality, total motility and progressive motility, the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and the concentration of reduced glutathione in testicular tissues. However, it significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration in testicular tissues, sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue damages, non-progressive motility, and immotile sperms. On the contrast, ChNPs ameliorated AgNP-induced alteration in serum levels of sex hormones, spermogram, and testicular tissue’s structure and functions. These results indicated that ChNPs had protective potential against AgNP-induced reproductive toxicity and ChNPs coating AgNPs had more potent protective effect than ChNPs administrated together with AgNPs.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the main cause of leg pain in middle‑aged and elderly individuals. Hyaluronic acid (HA), as well as curcuminoid, has been used in the treatment of knee OA. In the present ...study, HA/chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared for the delivery of curcuminoid, in order to investigate whether HA and curcuminoid can act synergistically as a better treatment option. The knee OA model was established by the Hulth method, and a knee OA chondrocyte model was constructed by the co‑induction of interleukin‑1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α. The drug loading capacity of HA/CNP for the delivery of curcuminoid was measured by an ultraviolet assay, and the cytotoxicity to chondrocytes was measured by an MTT assay. Collagen II was detected by immunofluorescence, and the expression levels of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB and inflammation‑related genes in cartilage tissue and chondrocytes were detected. Chondrocyte proliferation was determined by an EdU assay, and chondrocyte apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The Mankin pathological score of the Outerbridge classification was obtained. The results demonstrated that the optimum drug loading capacity of HA/CNP for the delivery of curcuminoid was 38.44%, with a good sustained release function. HA/CNP treatment resulted in inhibition of the NF‑κB pathway, as well as the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑1 and MMP‑13, but it increased collagen II expression. HA/CNP for the delivery of curcuminoid significantly decreased the Outerbridge classification and Mankin pathological scores to close to normal until the 4th week. Furthermore, it was also observed that all the effects of HA/CNP on the delivery of curcuminoid were more prominent compared with the effects of HA or curcuminoid treatment individually. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that HA/CNP for the delivery of curcuminoid may suppress inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis in knee OA via repression of the NF‑κB pathway.
•For improving stability and action time, the MO@CNPs was prepared to encapsulate moringa oil.•The MO@CNPs embedded gelatin nanofibers was fabricated with excellent physicochemical properties.•The ...nanofibers ssspossessed high antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus on cheese.
The current study aims to prepare moringa oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MO@CNPs) and fabricate MO@CNPs embedded gelatin nanofibers for biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus on cheese. The optimal MO@CNPs were prepared by the ionic crosslinking method with the concentration of moringa oil at 20 mg/mL and chitosan at 3.0 mg/mL. The nanoparticle exhibited desirable particle size, PDI and zeta potential. Furthermore, the optimal concentration of MO@CNPs embedded in gelatin nanofibers was found to be 9.0 mg/mL after the determination of nanofiber physical properties. The results of SEM and AFM confirmed that the nanofibers were prepared successfully and achieved uniform diameter at 142.5 nm. The release rate of moringa oil from the nanoparticles declined due to the encapsulation of nanofibers. For the application on cheese, MO@CNPs nanofibers possessed high antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus at 4 °C and 25 °C for 10 days, without any effect on the sensory quality of cheese. As a result, MO@CNPs nanofibers could be a promising active food packaging material for food preservation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In this study, the probable alleviative role of curcumin (CMN) (50 mg/kg b.wt) or curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CLC-NP) (50 mg/kg b.wt) was assessed against the hepatotoxic effect of a ...widely used pyrethroid insecticide, fenpropathrin (FEN) (15 mg/kg b.wt) in rats in a 60-day experiment. The results revealed that CMN and CLC-NP significantly suppressed the FEN-induced increment in serum hepatic enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALP) and hyperbilirubinemia. Moreover, FEN-associated dyslipidemia, hepatic oxidative stress, and altered hepatic histology were significantly rescued by CMN and CLC-NP. Furthermore, the increased TNF-α and Caspase-3 immunoexpression in hepatic tissues of FEN-exposed rats was significantly reduced in CMN and CLC-NP-treated ones. FEN exposure significantly upregulated the pyroptosis-related genes, including GSDMD, Casp-1, Casp-3, Casp-8, IL-18, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB and altered the expression of lipogenesis-related genes including SREBP-1c, PPAR-α, MCP1, and FAS in the hepatic tissues. Nevertheless, the earlier disturbances in gene expression were corrected in CMN and CLC-NP-treated groups. Of note, compared to CMN, CLC-NP was more effective at inhibiting oxidative damage and controlling lipogenesis and pyroptosis in the hepatic tissues of FEN-exposed rats. Conclusively, the current study findings proved the superior and useful role of CLC-NP in combating pollutants associated with hepatic dysfunction.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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