The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of lymphocyte activation in overweight children, when performing or not circus physical exercises. The studied group was composed by 60 children, ...pubescent, divided in four subgroups: Overweight Children (OWC) (10.67 + or -0.90 years old and BMI 23.02 + or -2.74); Overweight Exercise (OWE) (10.00 + or -1.41 years old and BMI 24.64 + or - 3.03); Eutrophic Children (EC) (11.00 + or -1.24 years old and BMI 17.51 + or -1.98); and Eutrophic Exercise (EE) (10.60 + or -1.06 years old and BMI 16.80 + or -2.53). A higher lymphocyte proliferative capacity was observed in OWC and OWE groups when compared to EC (3509 + or -887.2; 2694 + or -560.4 and 1768 + or -208.2 cpm, respectively). The same was observed in comparison to EE (2313 + or -111 cpm) groups.
Anders als heute war der Zirkus um 1900 überaus erfolgreich in Berlin – so erfolgreich sogar, dass er für das bürgerliche Literaturtheater eine bedrohliche Konkurrenz darstellte. Dies führte nicht ...nur zu Diskreditierungen des Zirkus in theaterinternen Debatten, sondern auch zu politischen Vorstößen von Bühnenverbänden gegen die Präsenz und Aufführungspraxis der Zirkusse. Doch obwohl die Theatergesetze zwischen 1880 und 1900 zu Lasten der Zirkusse verschärft wurden, war ihr Erfolg bis in die 1910er Jahre ungebremst. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg kehrte sich das Kräfteverhältnis der beiden Theaterformen jedoch um. Das Buch beleuchtet die komplexe Verflechtung von Akteur:innen und Faktoren, die zu dieser Wende führten, und zeichnet ein Bild der Ausgangslage des heutigen Theatersystems im deutschsprachigen Raum, das heißt der Theaterpraxis wie auch des grundlegenden Förderverständnisses. Zudem gibt es Antworten auf die Frage, wie der Zirkus zu seinem Status als „niedere“ oder Nicht-Kunst kam.
Consider the career of an enduring if controversial icon of American entertainment: the genial circus elephant. In Entertaining Elephants Susan Nance examines elephant behavior—drawing on the ...scientific literature of animal cognition, learning, and communications—to offer a study of elephants as actors (rather than objects) in American circus entertainment between 1800 and 1940. By developing a deeper understanding of animal behavior, Nance asserts, we can more fully explain the common history of all species.
Entertaining Elephants is the first account that uses research on animal welfare, health, and cognition to interpret the historical record, examining how both circus people and elephants struggled behind the scenes to meet the profit necessities of the entertainment business. The book does not claim that elephants understood, endorsed, or resisted the world of show business as a human cultural or business practice, but it does speak of elephants rejecting the conditions of their experience. They lived in a kind of parallel reality in the circus, one that was defined by their interactions with people, other elephants, horses, bull hooks, hay, and the weather.
Nance’s study informs and complicates contemporary debates over human interactions with animals in entertainment and beyond, questioning the idea of human control over animals and people's claims to speak for them. As sentient beings, these elephants exercised agency, but they had no way of understanding the human cultures that created their captivity, and they obviously had no claim on (human) social and political power. They often lived lives of apparent desperation.
Obesity associated with a sedentary lifestyle can lead to changes in the immune system balance resulting in the development of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to compare lymphocyte ...activation mechanisms between overweight children practicing regular circus physical exercises with non-exercised children. The study comprised 60 pubescent children randomly divided into 4 groups: Overweight Children (OWC) (10.67 plus or minus 0.22 years old), Overweight Exercised Children (OWE) (10.00 plus or minus 0.41 years old), Eutrophic Children (EC) (11.00 plus or minus 0.29 years old) and Eutrophic Exercised Children (EE) (10.60 plus or minus 0.29 years old). OWE and EE groups practiced circus activities twice a week, for 4.3 plus or minus 0.5 and 4.4 plus or minus 0.5 months, respectively. Percentage of T regulatory cells (Treg) and the expression of CD95 and CD25 in CD4+ lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte proliferation capacity was measured by 14C-thymidine incorporation and mRNA expression of IL-35, TGF-beta, IL-2 and IL-10 by real-time PCR. Lymphocyte proliferation was higher in OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC (3509 plus or minus 887; 2694 plus or minus 560, and 1768 plus or minus 208 cpm, respectively) and EE (2313 plus or minus 111 cpm) groups. CD95 expression on lymphocytes was augmented in the EC (953.9 plus or minus 101.2) and EE groups (736.7 plus or minus 194.6) compared with the OWC (522.1 plus or minus 125.2) and OWE groups (551.6 plus or minus 144.5). CTLA-4 expression was also lower in the OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC and EE groups. Percentage of Treg, IL-35, and IL-10 mRNA expression were lower in the OWC and OWE groups compared with the EC and EE groups. In conclusion, overweight children present altered immune system balance characterized by elevated lymphocyte proliferation due to a decrease in T regulatory cell percentage. These effects were partially reverted by moderate physical exercise, as demonstrated by decreased lymphocyte proliferation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Wabi Sabi is a Japanese concept that, despite lacking a universal definition, comprises three principles: nothing is perfect, nothing is finished and nothing lasts forever.1 While in 2018, an adapted ...version of Wabi Sabi started to become trendier in the Western world2, this Westernized concept accidentally starts to have parallels with the way in which contemporary circus artists experience their embodiment. The research showed that contemporary circus artists are constantly trying to focus more on what a body can do and how it can do instead of body appearance, they are accepting that bodies are not perfect and share an understanding of the importance of embracing this imperfection. Moreover, contemporary circus artists are having in mind constant bodily changes and reflecting it correspondingly by developing positive relationships with their bodies. This article will be a sociological outlook of interconnections among the already existing beliefs in the contemporary circus field and the new trend of Westernized Wabi Sabi ideas.
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