The hydrogen infrastructure involves hydrogen production, storage and delivery for utilization with clean energy applications. Hydrogen ingress into structural materials can be detrimental due to ...corrosion and embrittlement. To enable safe operation in applications that need protection from hydrogen isotopes, this review article summarizes most recent advances in materials design and performance characterization of barrier coatings to prevent hydrogen isotopes’ absorption ingress and permeation. Barriers are crucial to prevent hydride formation and unwanted hydrogen effects to increase safety, materials’ lifetime and reduce cost for applications within nuclear and renewable energy. The coating may be applied on a material that requires protection from hydrogen pick-up, transport and hydride formation in hydrogen storage containers, in pipelines, spent nuclear fuel storage or in nuclear reactors. While existing, commercial coatings that have been much in use may be satisfactory for various applications, it is desirable to evaluate whether alternative coating concepts can provide a greater resistance to hydrogen isotope permeation along with other improved properties, such as mechanical strength and thermal resistance. The information presented here is focusing on recent findings within the past 5–7 years of promising hydrogen barriers including oxides, nitrides, carbon, carbide, MAX-phases and metals and their mechanical strength, hydrogen pick-up, radiation resistance and coating manufacturing techniques. A brief introduction to hydrogen permeation is provided. Knowledge gaps were identified to provide guidance for material’s research prospects.
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Chromium Nitride (CrN) coatings have widespread utilization across numerous industrial applications, primarily attributed to their excellent properties. Among the different methods for CrN coating ...synthesis, direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) has been the dominant technique applied. Nonetheless, with the expanded applications of CrN coatings, the need for enhanced mechanical performance is concurrently escalating. High-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), an innovative coating deposition approach developed over the past three decades, is gaining recognition for its capability of yielding coatings with superior mechanical attributes, thereby drawing significant research interest. Considering that the mechanical performance of a coating is fundamentally governed by its microstructural properties, a comprehensive review of CrN coatings fabricated through both techniques is presented. This review of recent literature aims to embark on an insightful comparison between DCMS and HiPIMS, followed by an examination of the microstructure of CrN coatings fabricated via both techniques. Furthermore, the exploration of the underlying factors contributing to the disparities in mechanical properties observed in CrN coatings is revealed. An assessment of the advantages and potential shortcomings of HiPIMS is discussed, offering insight into CrN coating fabrication.
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Three series of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 coating samples are fabricated by microarc oxidation under various deposition conditions and are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with ...energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), Rutherford backscattering, and X-ray diffraction. Defects and pores in the coatings are analyzed by positron annihilation spectroscopy at room temperature without vacuum. No nanometer pores are detected in the coatings. When changing the electrolyte-plasma oxidation conditions, one can change the concentration and the ratio of the types of vacancy defects in these Al.sub.2O.sub.3 coatings. DOI: 10.1134/S1063784213110200
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In order to study the protection performance of silane coating on in-service concrete structures in a sulfate environment, we collect concrete samples in the field to simulate the concrete erosion ...process by accelerated erosion with wetting–drying cycles. We place the samples into protected, exposed and control groups corresponding to a corrosive environment with silane protection, corrosive environment without protection and general environment for three different service conditions. A combination of ultrasonic velocimetry, CT (Computed Tomography) scan imaging, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) pore structure analysis, strength testing and other methods are used to analyze the strength, ultrasonic wave velocity, pore structure and other characteristics of the specimens during sulfate erosion. Based on the test results, the protective effect of silane coating on concrete structures under sulfate attack is quantitatively analyzed, and an index for judging the damage rate of specimens is proposed to quantitatively analyze the protective effect of silane coating. The research results show that the damage of the concrete structure under silane protection in a sulfate-attack environment can be reduced by more than 50%; its integrity damage index and strength damage index are easily affected by the location of local defects, which leads to a decrease in the protection efficiency of the surface silane coating.
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Photochemical ozone pollution is a serious air quality
problem under weak synoptic conditions in many areas worldwide. Volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) are largely responsible for ozone production ...in
urban areas where nitrogen oxide (NOx) mixing ratios are high while usually not a
limiting precursor to ozone (O3). In this study, the Community Multiscale Air
Quality model higher-order decoupled direct method (CMAQ-HDDM) at an
urban-scale resolution (1.0 km×1.0 km) in conjunction with positive matrix
factorization (PMF) was used to identify the dominant sources of highly
sensitive VOC species to ozone formation in southern Taiwan, a complex
region of coastal urban and industrial parks and inland mountainous areas.
First-order, second-order, and cross sensitivities of ozone concentrations to
domain-wide (i.e., urban, suburban, and rural) NOx and VOC emissions were
determined for the study area. Negative (positive) first-order sensitivities
to NOx emissions are dominant over urban (inland) areas, confirming
ozone production sensitivity favors the VOC-limited regime (NOx-limited
regime) in southern Taiwan. Furthermore, most of the urban areas also
exhibited negative second-order sensitivity to NOx emissions,
indicating a negative O3 convex response where the linear increase of
O3 from decreasing NOx emissions was largely attenuated by the
nonlinear effects. Due to the solidly VOC-limited regime and the relative
insensitivity of O3 production to increases or decreases of NOx
emissions, this study pursued the VOC species that contributed the most to
ozone formation. PMF analysis driven by VOCs resolved eight factors including
mixed industry (21 %), vehicle emissions (22 %), solvent usage (17 %),
biogenic sources (12 %), plastic industry (10 %), aged air mass (7 %),
motorcycle exhausts (7 %), and manufacturing industry (5 %).
Furthermore, a composite index that quantitatively combined the CMAQ-HDDM
sensitivity coefficient and PMF-resolved factor contribution was developed
to identify the key VOC species that should be targeted for effective ozone
abatement. Our results indicate that VOC control measures should target
(1) solvent usage for painting, coating and the printing industry, which
emits abundant toluene and xylene; (2) gasoline fuel vehicle emissions of
n-butane, isopentane, isobutane, and n-pentane; and (3) ethylene and
propylene emissions from the petrochemical industry.
Slot coating is commonly used in lithium-ion battery electrode manufacturing. As the coating flow stability is sensitive to the processing conditions and physical properties of the coating solution, ...various studies have been conducted to obtain stable coating conditions with a battery slurry. However, there are some limitations to using the slurry in coating experiments. For instance, the opacity of the slurry poses a challenge to the visualization of the slurry coating. Herein, we propose a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution as a candidate for battery anode slurry for coating flows. Because a model fluid may not cover all rheological properties of the anode slurry, we focused on the high-shear viscosity with respect to the characteristics of the coating flows. The rheological properties of the slurry and model fluid were measured. To compare the coating flow at high-shear conditions, a computational analysis of the coating flow was conducted. Although the flow curves of the slurry and model fluid show slight deviations, the computed velocity profile of the model fluid is similar to that of the slurry. Furthermore, blade coating with the slurry and model fluid at a shear rate of 5000 s
−1
, produced a comparable coating thickness. Consequently, the CMC solution has proven to be a valuable candidate for experimental research on the coating flow of battery anode slurries.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Catalytic activity of a palladium catalyst with a porous carbon support was prepared and tested for benzophenone hydrogenation. The selectivity and yields toward the two possible reaction products ...(benzhydrol and diphenylmethane) can be directed by the applied solvent. It was found that in isopropanol, the prepared support was selective towards diphenylmethane with high conversion (99% selectivity and 99% benzophenone conversion on 323 K after 240 min). This selectivity might be explained by the presence of the incorporated structural nitrogens in the support.
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Although tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing environmentally friendly bio‐based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions from vegetable oil, the fabrication of WPU dispersions ...solely derived from vegetable oil‐based polyol with excellent comprehensive properties is still challenging. In the present work, novel bio‐based WPU dispersions derived from castor oil and soy polyol is successfully modified by phosphorus‐nitrogen chain extender bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino‐methyl‐phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (BH). The structure and properties of the dispersions and films are characterized systematically by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis , mechanical test, and limiting oxygen index (LOI), etc. The results indicate that bio‐based WPU films display moderate mechanical performance by adjusting BH content, and the WPU film containing
100% BH with 47.8% biobased content has a tensile strength of 8 MPa and the highest Young's modulus of 62.3 MPa. The incorporation of BH can increase the production of char residue. The flame retardancy of WPU films increase gradually with the BH molar content, and the LOI value of the WPU100 with 1.53 wt% phosphorus content can reach as high as 28.1%. This work may provide a new approach to develop high biobased content, eco‐friendly, flame retardant WPU for application in the surface coating industry.
A novel waterborne polyurethane (WPU) derived from castor oil and soy polyol are modified by bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino‐methyl‐phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (BH). The resultant WPU film containing 100% BH with 47.8% biobased content had a tensile strength of 8 MPa, the highest Young's modulus of 62.3 MPa and limiting oxygen index value of 28.1%, respectively.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Perovskite solar cell is categorized as a third-generation solar cell which is used for its high-performance and low-cost production. However, device stability is a major problem in the development ...of perovskite solar cells. Mixed halide perovskite is one of the subjects that have been proposed to improve perovskite solar cell stability. Research about solar cells using mixed halide perovskite is widely reported. However, complex configurations and fabrication using sophisticated equipment were usually used in those reported studies. In this work, the fabrication of solar cells using mixed halide perovskite CHsub.3NHsub.3PbIsub.3-sub.xClsub.x and CHsub.3NHsub.3PbIsub.3-sub.xSCNsub.x was conducted using a simple and low-cost structure. Solution-processed deposition fabrication method using spin coating was used to fabricate the devices. Optimization of the spin coating rate for each layer in the perovskite solar cells was performed to ensure that the devices exhibited decent performance. Stability measurement and analysis of the perovskite solar cells were conducted. Summarily, solar cells with mixed halide perovskite CHsub.3NHsub.3PbIsub.3-sub.xClsub.x exhibit the highest performance with an efficiency of 2.92%. On the other hand, solar cell with mixed halide perovskite CHsub.3NHsub.3PbIsub.3-sub.xSCNsub.x has the best stability which only drops its efficiency by 39% from its initial value after 13 days.
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In the harsh environments, such as marine and underground mine, corrosion is a critical problem for causing the disasters to the materials. Seeking effective coating for counteracting the corrosion ...is of high significance to elongate the service life of the materials. Mimicking natural plants affords a good anticorrosion strategy for resisting both abiotic and microbiologically induced corrosion. By using a rapid and facile electrodeposition route, the lotus leaf bioinspired air-infused superhydrophobic (SHP) coating is fabricated onto Cu surface in this study. Further, the intrinsic hydrophobic coal powder and the oil are used as the composite fluid to construct into the SHP matrix to replace the air. In the abiotic seawater and salt spray environment, the as-formed compositing fluid-infused surface (CFIS) performs much better corrosion inhibition than SHP and the ordinary liquid-infused coating inspired by pitcher plant. When CFIS is incubated in the harsh sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) suspension, it exhibits good anti-adhesion effect to prohibit the attachment of the bio-organisms with density of 3.95 × 10
8
cells/cm
2
, which is far less than bare Cu with 8.31 × 10
10
cells/cm
2
for same period immersion. Moreover, the biofouling inhibition further provides the advantage to alleviate the corrosion from SRB with the impedance of CFIS Cu being 26.0 times to bare Cu after immersion for 204 h, indicating that CFIS performs prominent corrosion inhibition to underneath Cu metal.
Graphical abstract
Compositing fluid infused surface performs an exceptional barrier to prohibit biofouling and biocorrosion for copper.
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