Colour palettes are finite sets of representative colours for image colours. Similar to any clustering problem, the palette's optimal number of colours is an ill-posed problem. Existing techniques ...assume the number of colours is given by the user. In this work, the authors introduce an approach to generate dynamic length colour palettes. The authors' approach is based on two-stage clustering. At the first stage, they use k-means-based clustering in order to reduce the number of data points in the given image. Then, the second stage is applied using a density-based clustering. The qualitative results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. At the end of this Letter, they suggest the best range of colours per palette for natural images based on a study performed on 118,060 images from Microsoft COCO dataset.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The addition of new words in handwritten documents such as bank cheques, bills, and notes is considered as common crime. Such immoral activities on handwritten documents have a bad effect on the ...victim in terms of mental and financial loss. For facilitating an impartial judicial process, it is important to differentiate between the used pen inks. Earlier, image processing and pattern recognition-based techniques for pen ink differentiation gained attention among researchers due to their non-destructive nature. Existing techniques use various colour models to represent the colour of pen inks. Thus, it is crucial to assess the capabilities of various colour models for differentiating pen inks in handwritten documents. In this paper, we propose a histogram distance based quantitative assessment technique for suitable colour model identification for differentiating pen inks. Seven blue and seven black pen ink samples are acquired on 112 cheque leaves. The k-means binarisation is used to identify pen ink pixels. $YC_{\rm b}C_{\rm r}$YCbCr colour model has been identified as the best colour model for this task. The statistical features of the ink colours in the identified colour model representation are extracted and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier validates the capability of the identified colour model for pen ink discrimination.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The current article presents the importance of colours in day-by-day life of online marketing. With the accelerating progress in science as well as information and technology, marketing is always ...changing. The neuroscience of colour in relation to customer conviction is one of the numerous topics studied in marketing. As a starting point, the paper opens with a brief theoretical presentation of the consumer behaviour as the central element of marketing, while in the second part, a study of colours is clarifying the link between them and the perception of the customers. A good reason for everything that follows is represented by the fact that colour is pervasive and a source of knowledge. The paper presents the level of importance that colours represents in everyday online marketing. Marketing is permanently changing with rapid advances in science, information and technology.
Nighttime images are often obtained with low brightness, deficient contrast, and latent colours. Thus, it is important to improve such aspects in order to obtain acceptable quality images. Hence, a ...new illumination boost algorithm is proposed in this study, in which it can improve the brightness, ameliorate contrast and process the colours of nighttime images properly. Accordingly, the proposed algorithm utilises only a small number of steps and uses several processing concepts to achieve the desired results. Intensive experiments and tests with various natural-degraded nighttime images are made to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. In addition, it is compared with eight contemporary algorithms, and the obtained results from these comparisons are evaluated using two specialised image quality assessment metrics. Using the results of the achieved experiments and comparisons, it became evident that the proposed algorithm can provide satisfactory outcomes, in which it provided visually pleasing results and outperformed the comparison algorithms in terms of scored accuracy and visual quality.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
With a multi-perspective approach and transdisciplinary methods (humanities and sciences), this book offers an in-depth and systematic study of hand-drawn and hand-coloured maps from East Asia. Map ...colouring provides an insight into past societies, landscapes and territories. Colour is an important key to a more precise understanding of the map’s content, purposes and uses; moreover, colours are also an important aspect of a map’s materiality. The material scientific analysis of colourants makes it possible to find out more about maps’ material nature and their production as well as the social, geographical and political context in which they were made. ‘Reading’ colours in this way gives a glimpse into the social lives of mapmakers as well as map users and reveals the complexity of the historical and social context in which maps were produced and how the maps were actually made.
The colour red has heterogeneous connotations that includes associations with both anger and romance. Two experiments were conducted where we contrasted the colour red associated with anger-related ...words to the colour yellow associated with joy-related words (Experiment 1), and in contrast with the colour pink associated with romance-related words (Experiment 2), using an emotion categorisation task. The analyses were conducted across both participants and items. In Experiment 1, we found clear facilitative effects for categorisation of anger-related words in red font and joy-related words in yellow font. This highlights the robust nature of the red-anger and yellow-joy pairings. In Experiment 2, we similarly found clear facilitative categorisation of anger-related words in red font. However, for romance-related words mixed results were found that illustrate the degree of competition involved in categorising romance-related words in red and pink fonts due to overlapping semantic connotations and colour hue similarity.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mounting evidence indicates that the colour hue of classroom walls influences student performance. However, the effect of this design parameter has not hitherto been simultaneously assessed for two ...key cognitive learning functions of attention and memory. The objective of the present study is to analyse the impact that warm and cold hue coloured classroom walls have on the cognitive attention and memory functions of university students. To this end, the attention and memory performance of 160 participants was evaluated in 12 warm and 12 cold hue colour settings in a virtual classroom. Their performance was quantified through psychological (attention and memory tasks) and neurophysiological (heart rate variability and electroencephalogram) metrics related to the cognitive functions analysed. The results showed that cold hue colours increase arousal and improve performance in attention and memory tasks; and design guidelines can be established. Furthermore, correlations were observed between the psychological and neurophysiological metrics, which represents an important advance in the neuroarchitecture discipline. The variety of implications of the results makes this work useful for architectural design professionals, researchers, and policymakers working on improving learning spaces.
•Attention and memory were studied via psychological and neurophysiological metrics.•Cold hues improve attention and memory performance.•Neurophysiological metrics showed that cold hues increase arousal.•The experiments were undertaken using virtual reality.•Correlations were found between task performance and neurophysiological responses.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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