Objective
Men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (lPCa) are confronted with the decision for a treatment strategy, potentially experiencing treatment side effects and psychological distress. ...The Common Sense Model proposes that coping with such challenges is related to illness representations: Beliefs regarding consequences, coherence, timeline, and controllability of the illness. We analyzed the interplay of illness representations, coping and anxiety over an 18‐month period among men with lPCa undergoing different treatment options (Active Surveillance, curative treatment).
Methods
In this longitudinal study, 183 men (age M = 66.83) answered a questionnaire before starting treatment, and 6, 12, and 18 months later. We analyzed time trajectories with growth curve modeling and conducted mediation analyses to evaluate the influence of coping on the association of illness representations and anxiety. Using a novel methodological approach, we compared a classic parallel mediation model with a level‐contrast approach for the correlated mediators problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping.
Results
Independent of treatment (b = 1.31, p = 0.200) men reported an elevated level of anxiety after diagnosis which declined considerably within the following 6 months (b = −1.87, p = 0.009). The perceived seriousness of consequences was significantly associated with greater anxiety, at baseline (β = 0.471) and over time (all β ≥ 0.204). This association was mediated by coping: Using more emotion‐than problem‐focused coping was associated with higher anxiety.
Conclusions
Receiving a lPCa diagnosis is associated with a phase of increased anxiety. In order to reduce anxiety, information provision should be accompanied by developing concrete action plans to enable problem‐focused coping strategies.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
This study examined theoretical predictors of long‐term medication adherence (i.e., treatment‐related beliefs, coherence of beliefs from experience with medication, habit strength, and ...pill burden) for patients with apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension in primary care, using a composite adherence score derived from direct and indirect measures (i.e., prescription refill, self‐report, and bioanalytical assays of urine).
Design
Cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Individual patient records were screened for prescription refill adherence. Patients provided a urine sample for adherence screening and completed a battery of psychometric scales, including two self‐report adherence measures (N = 204). Convergence of adherence measures was assessed, a composite adherence score was calculated, and hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the role of theoretical predictors of adherence.
Results
Non‐adherence estimates ranged from 20.3 to 41.1%, depending on the assessment method used. Associations among adherence measures were weak to moderate (ρ = .00–.53). Medication‐taking habit strength was the strongest predictor of adherence, explaining 19% incremental variance in adherence beyond treatment‐related beliefs. Beliefs and coherence did not predict adherence, even for patients with weaker habits. Pill burden was not associated with habit strength or adherence for this sample.
Conclusions
Associations among unique adherence measures were weak overall, providing further evidence that multiple measures are necessary to accurately assess adherence. Habit strength is a key predictor of adherence for chronic conditions. Both habit strength and pill burden represent important intervention targets for improving long‐term medication adherence. Longitudinal inception studies are needed to properly test Common‐Sense Model propositions and elucidate the role of beliefs, coherence, and habits in predicting adherence at various stages of the chronic illness trajectory.
Statement of contribution
What is already known on this subject?
Non‐adherence to antihypertensives is a leading cause of apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension (aTRH).
Behaviour maintenance (vs. initiation) factors may be more predictive of long‐term adherence.
What does this study add?
Associations among direct and indirect measures of adherence are generally weak.
Habit strength is the strongest predictor of long‐term adherence for aTRH in primary care.
Inception studies are needed to further validate Common‐Sense Model propositions.
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DOBA, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
From the point of view of environmental protection issues, the subject of common-sense cognition appears to be an important source of knowledge. Such cognition facilitates a proper and ...distortion-free assessment of the current condition of the societal and natural environment, and consequently orientates man to take preventive and protective measures in the areas that require such undertakings.
This paper presents a holistic approach to the issues related to the urgent need to cover the societal and natural space with protective measures, which are reflected in the practice of the educational mission of the Catholic Church together with her associations and charitable organisations. The aforementioned mission is related to the humanistic reflection on the environmental crisis and constitutes a practical and educational platform. Both activities of Christian communities use data taken from common-sense cognition, which is a valuable tool in obtaining and determining reliable information.
This systematic review answered two questions among adults with chronic conditions: When included in the same statistical model, are Common Sense Model constructs and self-efficacy both associated ...with (1) self-management behaviors and (2) health outcomes? We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and included 29 articles. When included in the same statistical model, Common Sense Model constructs and self-efficacy were both correlated with outcomes. Self-efficacy was more consistently associated with self-management behaviors, and Common Sense Model constructs were more consistently associated with health outcomes. Findings support the continued inclusion and integration of both frameworks to understand and/or improve chronic illness self-management and outcomes.
Psychosocial factors likely play a substantial role in the well-being of those living with coeliac disease, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, little research has examined well-being ...in this cohort using an integrated socio-cognitive model. This study had two aims: (1) Examine changes in gastrointestinal symptoms, psychosocial factors, and well-being outcomes (i.e., psychological distress, quality of life QoL) associated with the pandemic, (2) Examine the interrelationship of these variables across timepoints using the Common Sense Model (CSM).
1697 adults with coeliac disease (Time 1, pre-pandemic; 83.1% female, mean age = 55.8, SD = 15.0 years) and 674 follow-up participants (Time 2, pandemic; 82.8% female, mean age = 57.0, SD = 14.4 years) completed an online questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using repeated measures MANOVA and cross-lagged panel model analyses.
Participants reported improved QoL, and reduced gastrointestinal symptoms, negative illness perceptions and maladaptive coping from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic. There was no significant change in pain catastrophising or psychological distress. Cross-lagged effects showed gastrointestinal symptoms to predict negative illness perceptions, which in turn were predictive of poorer outcomes across all variables except pain catastrophising. Consistent with the CSM, there was a reciprocal relationship between illness perceptions and QoL over time. Maladaptive coping and pain catastrophising demonstrated limited predictive utility.
The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have had a small beneficial effect across several indices of well-being among adults with coeliac disease. Cross-lagged relationships highlight illness perceptions as a predictor of well-being outcomes and a potential target for psychosocial interventions.
•The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with improvement in quality of life.•First cross-lagged panel analysis of the Common Sense Model (CSM)•Illness perceptions were predictive of several well-being outcomes across time.•Illness perceptions were reciprocally related to quality of life across time.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Aims
This study aimed to describe the status of patient delay and examine related factors affecting patient delay in individuals with haemorrhoids in mainland China, based on theory of planned ...behaviour and common sense model.
Background
Studies on patient delay have mainly focused on cancer, tuberculosis and myocardial infarction, but studies on patient delay in individuals with haemorrhoids have yet to be conducted. Compared with other diseases, haemorrhoids are initially considered benign. However, if patients with haemorrhoids seek delayed medical assistance, they pay a large cost for worse symptoms because they fail to seek timely treatments compared with those who receive appropriate treatments at early stages.
Design
A cross‐sectional study design was used.
Methods
The current study was performed on 306 patients with haemorrhoids from June ‐ October 2017. Data were collected via a self‐administered pencil‐and‐paper survey that consisted of a multi‐item questionnaire. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors of patient delay.
Results
Middle‐aged participants were more than twice more likely to report patient delay than participants in other age groups. A high level of perceived self‐efficacy, a high level of illness perceptions and perceived social impact were associated with prolonged delay.
Conclusion
This study showed that patient delay is common among patients with haemorrhoids in China. The influencing factors of patient delay were middle‐aged, illness perceptions, perceived self‐efficacy, and perceived social impact.
目的
本研究旨在以计划行为理论和常识模型为基础,描述中国大陆痔疮患者延迟就医的现状,并探讨影响患者延迟就医的相关因素。
背景
对患者延迟的研究主要集中在癌症、结核病和心肌梗死,但对痔疮患者延迟的研究尚未开展。与其他疾病相比,痔疮最初被认为是良性的。然而,如果痔疮患者寻求延迟的医疗援助,他们将为更严重的症状付出巨大的代价,因为与那些在早期接受适当治疗的患者相比,他们未能及时寻求治疗。
设计
采用横断面研究设计。
方法
本研究于2017年6月至10月对306例痔疮患者进行了研究。数据是通过一个由多项问卷组成的自我管理的铅笔和纸张调查收集的。采用逐步逻辑回归分析探讨患者延迟就诊的因素。
结果
与其他年龄段的参与者相比,中年参与者报告病人延误的可能性要高出一倍以上。自我效能感高、疾病认知高、社会影响认知高与长时间延迟相关。
结论
本研究表明,在我国痔疮患者中,患者延迟就诊是常见的。患者延迟就诊的影响因素为中年、疾病认知、自我效能感和社会影响。
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
At the nexi between urban aesthetics, power of the affluent elite, property and tourism destinations are complex intersections. These are explored utilising a critical theory approach within the ...context of neoliberalism and the concept of 'aesthetic common sense' is introduced. New conceptualisations of the ways in which tourists and others are influenced, demonstrate how they, through the processes of commodification and mediatisation, adopt the preferred aesthetics of the affluent elite. Cityscape aesthetics, incorporating both structural, top-down aspects (placemaking) and human agency (place-making) as co-performers in place making, impact on and influence, tourism destinations. An outcome is styled-for-status built environments and streetscapes. This is illustrated through the lens of Malta and its capital city Valletta, which presents a contemporary and dynamic exemplar.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), hypothesizing direct relations between illness beliefs and ...psychological adjustment, and indirect relations through coping strategies and social support.
Materials and methods: Questionnaires were administered cross-sectionally to 680 participants (M
age
=40.1; 64.4% women) recruited in eight MS units to assess illness beliefs, coping strategies, social support, and adjustment indicators including life satisfaction, psychological well-being, mental health, and depression. Multiple mediational analyses were conducted to identify direct and indirect paths connecting illness beliefs to psychological outcomes.
Results: Controlling for disability level, significant direct and indirect relationships were observed: Beliefs on illness coherence, personal and treatment control were associated with better adjustment; emotion representations and cyclic timeline with worse adjustment; illness identity, consequences, psychological and chance/bad luck causes with mixed positive and negative outcomes. Notably, findings identified recurrent and unique pathways connecting illness beliefs to the different indicators through meaning- and problem-focused coping strategies, avoidance and social support.
Conclusions: The Common Sense Model can represent a useful framework to be tested in rehabilitation programs, jointly addressing illness beliefs and coping resources for the promotion of psychological adjustment among persons with MS.
IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION
Based on the Common Sense Model, the beliefs held by persons with MS about their illness are related to various aspects of psychological adjustment in multiple ways, both directly and indirectly through engagement in specific coping strategies and perception of social support.
Clinicians supporting patients' adjustment may take into account that some illness beliefs were consistently associated with positive adjustment, some with poor adjustment, and some yielded mixed positive and negative results.
Some ways in which coping strategies and social support connected illness beliefs to psychological adjustment were specific to the adjustment indicator under consideration including satisfaction with life, psychological well-being, mental health and depression.
It may be worth testing comprehensive psychological interventions with the aim of raising awareness of one's illness beliefs, the strategies enacted in response to these beliefs, and the positive and negative relations of these processes with psychological adjustment, encompassing broad areas of individuals' lives and not only health-related issues or depression.
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IJS, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
According to the Common Sense Model (CSM), cognitive and emotional representations influence recovery. We used groups of individuals grouping multiple cognitive representations (schemas) to predict ...the recovery process after total hip arthroplasty (THR).
The aim of this prospective cohort study with three collection time points was to examine the significance of these schemas for functionality three and six months after THR. We assessed illness perception with the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised and the functionality with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Data were collected four weeks before (n = 317), three (n = 268), and six months after (n = 292) primary THR. Groups of individuals with the same schemas were identified using a two-step cluster analysis across cognitive representations. Controlling for WOMAC variables (functionality, stiffness, pain, and activities of daily living) before THR, we calculated the regression of schemas and emotional representations before THR on WOMAC variables after THR.
Before THR, two cognitive schemes were found: Schema One: medium identity, long duration, many consequences, low personal and treatment control, and low coherence; Schema Two: low identity, short timeline, low consequences, and high personal and treatment control. Patients with Schema Two had better functionality and lower pain and stiffness three months after surgery compared to those with Schema One. After three months, the influence of cognitive schemas was stronger on functionality than that of emotional representation (f2: 0.04 /0.02).
Further study is needed to determine whether a psychological intervention can change Schema One.
•Common sense model was used to predict functionality after total hip replacement.•A cognitive schema influences functionality 3 months after total hip replacement THR.•We confirm a relationship between cognitive representation before THR and recovery.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
Medical rehabilitation plays an important role in the health care of chronically ill children and adolescents. During medical rehabilitation, supporting illness‐related self‐regulation is ...a central goal. Beliefs about illness and beliefs about treatment are core elements of patients' self‐regulation, and there is evidence that these beliefs are relevant predictors of different health‐ and treatment‐related outcomes such as adherence. However, little is known about adolescents' beliefs about rehabilitation. This study therefore explores adolescents' treatment beliefs in the context of inpatient medical rehabilitation.
Methods
A qualitative study was conducted in a German rehabilitation clinic for children and adolescents. Using a purposive sampling method, 13 adolescents (12–16 years old) were recruited. Semi‐structured, audiotaped interviews were conducted and analysed using content analysis.
Results
Results demonstrate that adolescents have differentiated rehabilitation‐related treatment beliefs. Twelve themes, with various subthemes, emerged, which include access to and knowledge about rehabilitation, the rehabilitation‐related individual position and normative aspects, expectations of oneself, as well as in respect of the social context (fellow patients, contact with family and friends), expectations of the structure, process and outcome of rehabilitation, concerns and barriers and emotional aspects.
Conclusions
Our explorative study revealed a broad range of rehabilitation‐related treatment beliefs in adolescents, indicating parallels, but also differences, to research results with adults. Treatment beliefs are assumed to be an influencing factor for various health‐ and treatment‐related outcomes. Thus, implications of our findings for clinical practice and further research are discussed.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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