Sacculina carcini is an endoparasite of the green crab, Carcinus maenas. This parasite induces behavioural changes in its host and affects its metabolism by inhibiting moulting and reproduction. ...Using a proteomic approach in mass spectrometry, we studied the haemolymph proteomes of healthy and parasitized wild green crabs from Brittany, France to identify proteins that are differentially expressed as a consequence of parasitization. We also investigated specific proteins involved in reproduction, moulting, and immunity. We detected 77 proteins for females and 53 proteins for males that were differentially present between the healthy and parasitized crabs, some of which were sex-specific. Detection of these differentially expressed proteins suggests that the parasite can inhibit and promote different aspects of the immune response of the host. Sacculina appears to inhibit host melanisation for self-protection, while promoting the presence of immune factors, such as antimicrobial peptides to cope with possible bacterial superinfections. Moreover, one protein, juvenile hormone esterase-like carboxylesterase, was 17-times more abundant in parasitized crabs than in healthy crabs and may be responsible for inhibiting moulting and reproduction in parasitized crabs, thus ensuring the success of Sacculina reproduction.
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•First proteomic analysis of a parasite-host relationship between a crab and Sacculina.•Sacculina effect on crab proteins involved in immunity, moulting, and reproduction.•Elevated juvenile hormone esterase-like carboxylesterase in a parasitized crab.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a bulk medicinal material used in traditional Chinese medicine, that can cure cardiovascular diseases, neurasthenia, and other conditions. Sweating is a frequently used ...method of processing S. miltiorrhiza for medical applications. We previously demonstrated changes to the metabolic profile of linoleic acid, glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate after Sweating. However, this alteration has not been explained at the molecular level.
Fresh roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were treated by the Sweating processing, and then the tandem mass tag technique was used to compare the proteome difference between Sweating S. miltiorrhiza and non-Sweating S. miltiorrhiza.
We identified a total of 850 differentially expressed proteins after Sweating treatment in S. miltiorrhiza, including 529 upregulated proteins and 321 downregulated proteins. GO enrichment analysis indicated that these differentially expressed proteins are involved in external encapsulating structure, cell wall, oxidoreductase activity, ligase activity, and others. Further analysis showed that CYP450, the pathogenesis-related protein Bet v 1 family, and the peroxidase domain were the major protein domains. KEGG enrichment identified 18 pathways, of which phenylpropanoid biosynthesis is the most important one related to the metabolite profile and is the principal chemical component of S. miltiorrhiza.
This study addressed potential molecular mechanisms in S. miltiorrhiza after Sweating, and the findings provide reasons for the changes in biochemical properties and metabolites changes which might cause pharmacological variation at the proteome level.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Enteritidis and Dublin serovars of
are phylogenetically closely related yet differ significantly in host range and virulence.
Enteritidis is a broad-host-range serovar that commonly causes ...self-limited gastroenteritis in humans, whereas
Dublin is a cattle-adapted serovar that can infect humans, often resulting in invasive extraintestinal disease. The mechanism underlying the higher invasiveness of
Dublin remains undetermined. In this work, we quantitatively compared the proteomes of clinical isolates of each serovar grown under gut-mimicking conditions. Compared to
Enteritidis, the
Dublin proteome was enriched in proteins linked to response to several stress conditions, such as those encountered during host infection, as well as to virulence. The
Enteritidis proteome contained several proteins related to central anaerobic metabolism pathways that were undetected in
Dublin. In contrast to what has been observed in other extraintestinal serovars, most of the coding genes for these pathways are not degraded in
Dublin. Thus, we provide evidence that
Dublin metabolic functions may be much more affected than previously reported based on genomic studies. Single and double null mutants in stress response proteins Dps, YciF, and YgaU demonstrate their relevance to
Dublin invasiveness in a murine model of invasive salmonellosis. All in all, this work provides a basis for understanding interserovar differences in invasiveness and niche adaptation, underscoring the relevance of using proteomic approaches to complement genomic studies.
Low temperature in winter was the most crucial abiotic stress that limits the mangrove afforestation northward. Previous study demonstrated that Sonneratia apetala initially transplanted to high ...latitude area exhibited a stronger plasticity of cold tolerance. To clarify the underlying mechanism, the physiological and proteomic responses to chilling stress were investigated in S. apetala leaves. Our results found that cold-acclimated seedlings had lower relative electrolyte leakage and MDA content than non-acclimated seedlings. On the contrary, higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity were observed in cold-acclimated seedlings. With proteomic analyses, the differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) involved in ROS scavenging, photosynthesis and energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor biosynthesis, and protein folding were suggested to play important roles in enhancing the cold tolerance of S. apetala. However, the down-regulation DAPs were suggested as a tradeoff between plant growth and chilling response. By the protein-protein interaction analyses, translation elongation factor G, chlorophyll A-B binding protein and ascorbate peroxidase 1 were suggested as the important regulators in cold-acclimated S. apetala seedlings under chilling stress. Based on the above results, a schematic diagram describing the mechanism of cold tolerance of exotic mangrove species S. apetala that was achieved by cold acclimation was presented in this study.
The major environmental factor limits the mangrove afforestation northward is the low temperature in winter. Previous study reported that Sonneratia apetala grew in high latitude exhibited a higher cold tolerance than that in low latitude, which was suggested as a result of cold acclimation. To further understand “how cold acclimation enhance the cold tolerance in S. apetala”, the response of S. apetala subjected to chilling stress with or without cold acclimation was investigated in this study at the physiological and proteomic aspects. Our physiological results showed that S. apetala seedlings treated with cold acclimation exhibited a higher tolerance under chilling stress than that without cold acclimation. By using the comparative proteomic approaches and bioinformatic analyses, various biological processes were suggested to play an important role in enhancing the cold tolerance of S. apetala under chilling stress, such as ROS scavenging, photosynthesis and energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cofactor biosynthesis, and protein folding. Among these differentially accumulated proteins, translation elongation factor G (eEF-G), chlorophyll A-B binding protein (CAB) and ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1) were identified as the hub proteins function in coordinated regulating ROS scavenging, photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis in chloroplast and subsequently enhanced the cold tolerance of S. apetala under chilling stress. Our results provided a further understanding of cold acclimation in improving the cold tolerance in exotic mangrove species S. apetala.
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•Cold acclimation significantly enhances the cold tolerance of S. apetala seedlings.•Proteins involved in various biological processes contributed to high cold tolerance in CA seedlings.•Down-regulation proteins were suggested as a tradeoff between plant growth and chilling response.•Several proteins might function as common response under chilling stress.•CAB, eEF-G and APX1 were the hub proteins in regulating the stress response.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Drought stress is one of the major environmental factors that limit maize yield in agriculture. However, few studies have analyzed how proteins respond to different degrees of drought at the proteome ...level. In this study, physiological characteristics and comparative tandem mass tag proteomics were used to analyze the responses of maize seedlings to mild and severe drought stresses in pot experiments. A total of 104 and 464 proteins were differentially expressed under mild and severe drought, respectively, but only 30 proteins were overlapped. Further Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed maize can adapt to mild drought by activating antioxidant system and photorespiration. Under severe drought stress, photosystem and protein synthesis-related proteins were downregulated indicating severe drought damaged the photosynthetic apparatus. The plant biomass under drought stress was also reduced sharply compared to control. Taken together, our study provides insights into proteomic information of maize leaves under increasing drought stress.
Genotype II of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is an epidemic strain that is devastating to the grass carp industry in China. Infections of grass carp caused with virulent GCRV-HuNan1307 and avirulent ...GCRV-GD1108 isolates were carried out to determine the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. The differential host protein response was examined after infection with both virus isolates using an iTRAQ-based comparative quantitative proteomics. Differentially expressed proteins for GD1108 (34) and HuNan1307 (222) infections were identified and determined canonical pathways and functional networks involved in both GCRV infections. Infection with HuNan1307 activated the RIG-I pathway leading to antiviral response as well as the Jak-STAT pathway that governs general metabolic functions. These pathways were not activated by infection with the avirulent isolate. Infection with HuNan1307 also induced an abbreviated an intense immune response and lead to major disorders of the metabolism. In contrast, the GD1108 infection induced a mild and moderate immune response leaving basic metabolism unchanged. This study provides a comprehensive view at the protein level of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms used by a virulent GCRV type II isolate.
Genotype II of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is an epidemic strain that is devastating to the grass carp industry in China. The unclear etiological characters, genetic variation and pathogenesis of GCRV genotype II blocked the development of techniques as well as products on prevention and control of grass carp haemorrhagic disease (GCHD). Here, iTRAQ strategy was firstly used to compare the proteomes of grass carp infected with virulent and avirulent isolates of GCRV genotype II. The obtained data showed that abbreviated and intense immune response and disorders of the metabolism were reasons for the mortality of fish infected with virulent GCRV isolate. The results would provide a train of thought to promote the development of techniques as well as products on prevention and control of GCHD.
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•An iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of grass carp reovirus genotype II was conducted.•The differential host protein response was examined between virulent and avirulent GCRV.•Virulent GCRV induced an abbreviated and intense immune response and lead to major disorders of the metabolism.•Avirulent GCRV induced a mild and moderate immune response leaving basic metabolism unchanged.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a major food source in Mediterranean countries since it is utilized for the production of pasta, leavened and unleavened breads, ...couscous, and other traditional foods. The technological and nutritional properties of durum wheat semolina depend mainly on the type of gluten proteins and on their amount, which is a genotype- and environment-dependent trait. Gluten proteins are also responsible for celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy with a prevalence of about 0.7–2% in the human population. At this purpose, two Italian durum wheat cultivars, Saragolla and Cappelli, currently used for monovarietal pasta, were chosen to compare (i) the reserve and embryo proteome, (ii) the free and bound phenolics, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition, and (iii) the content of immunogenic peptides produced after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results obtained from 2 years of field cultivation on average showed a higher amount of gluten proteins, amino acids, and immunogenic peptides in Cappelli. Saragolla showed a higher abundance in bound phenolics, antioxidant enzymes, and stress response proteins in line with its higher antioxidant activity. However, the impact of the year of cultivation, largely depending on varying rainfall regimes through the wheat growth cycle, was significant for most of the parameters investigated. Differences in technological and nutritional characteristics observed between the two cultivars are discussed in relation to the influence of genetic and environmental factors.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Extracellular vesicles are small vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm that are actively secreted by eukaryotic cells and play important roles in intercellular communication, immune responses, and ...tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles are involved in the process of
serovar Typhimurium (
Typhimurium) infection. However, changes in the protein content of extracellular vesicles elicited by
Typhimurium infection have not been determined. Here, we extracted the extracellular vesicles with high purity from
Typhimurium-infected Henle-407 cells, a kind of human intestinal epithelial cells, by ultracentrifugation combined with an extracellular vesicles purification kit, and analyzed their protein composition using label-free relative quantitative proteomics. The extracted extracellular vesicles exhibited an oval vesicular structure under electron microscopy, with a mean diameter of 140.4 ± 32.4 nm. The exosomal marker proteins CD9, CD63, and HSP70 were specifically detected. Compared with the uninfected group, nearly 1,234 specifically loaded proteins were uncovered in
Typhimurium-infected Henle-407 cells. Among them were 409
. Typhimurium
derived specific proteins, indicating a significant alteration in protein composition of extracellular vesicles by
Typhimurium infection. Notably, these proteins included 75 secretory proteins and over 300 non-secretory proteins of
Typhimurium, implicating novel pathways for bacterial protein delivery, although it remains unclear if their loading into extracellular vesicles is active or passive. To investigate the roles of these extracellular proteins, we exemplified the function of SopB, a well-known T3SS effector protein, and showed that the extracellular SopB could be taken up by RAW264.7 macrophages, activating the phosphorylation of Akt. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of
infection through extracellular vesicles that transport virulence proteins to uninfected neighboring cells to facilitate further infection.
Dichloroacetate (DCA) commonly occurs in the environment due to natural production and anthropogenic releases, but its fate under anoxic conditions is uncertain. Mixed culture RM comprising "
...Dichloromethanomonas elyunquensis" strain RM utilizes DCA as an energy source, and the transient formation of formate, H
, and carbon monoxide (CO) was observed during growth. Only about half of the DCA was recovered as acetate, suggesting a fermentative catabolic route rather than a reductive dechlorination pathway. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and 16S rRNA gene-targeted quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) implicated "
Dichloromethanomonas elyunquensis" strain RM in DCA degradation. An (
)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) encoded on the genome of strain RM was heterologously expressed, and the purified HAD demonstrated the cofactor-independent stoichiometric conversion of DCA to glyoxylate at a rate of 90 ± 4.6 nkat mg
protein. Differential protein expression analysis identified enzymes catalyzing the conversion of DCA to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) via glyoxylate as well as enzymes of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Glyoxylate carboligase, which catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of glyoxylate to form tartronate semialdehyde, was highly abundant in DCA-grown cells. The physiological, biochemical, and proteogenomic data demonstrate the involvement of an HAD and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in the anaerobic fermentation of DCA, which has implications for DCA turnover in natural and engineered environments, as well as the metabolism of the cancer drug DCA by gut microbiota.
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is ubiquitous in the environment due to natural formation via biological and abiotic chlorination processes and the turnover of chlorinated organic materials (e.g., humic substances). Additional sources include DCA usage as a chemical feedstock and cancer drug and its unintentional formation during drinking water disinfection by chlorination. Despite the ubiquitous presence of DCA, its fate under anoxic conditions has remained obscure. We discovered an anaerobic bacterium capable of metabolizing DCA, identified the enzyme responsible for DCA dehalogenation, and elucidated a novel DCA fermentation pathway. The findings have implications for the turnover of DCA and the carbon and electron flow in electron acceptor-depleted environments and the human gastrointestinal tract.
The Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz L. Rodin, TKS) is a potential crop for natural rubber production. Our proteomics results have revealed that both methylerythritol (MEP) and mevalonate ...(MVA) pathways are important for natural rubber biosynthesis (NRB) in TKS roots. In this study, morphological characteristics and rubber content in TKS roots during five development stages were determined and more laticifer cells, rubber particles, and natural rubber were observed in older TKS roots. Combination of transcriptomics and proteomics was further performed to gain an overall realizing of the principle developmental mechanism and metabolic regulation processes in TKS roots and determine the key genes and proteins for NRB. From the detected TKS roots, 34,710 genes and 3695 proteins were positively identified. Among them, 22194 genes and 2145 proteins were differentially expressed during root development, and their correlation coefficients were calculated. GO and KEGG analysis showed that most up-regulated genes and proteins were involved in carbon metabolic process. A total of 102 NRB-related gene and protein members, including 10 cis-isoprene transferases (CPT), 8 small rubber particle proteins (SRPP), 2 rubber elongation factors (REF), as well as one HRT1-REF bridging protein (HRBP), were identified. Our omics data revealed that different family members of genes and proteins play different roles for NRB in TKS roots. Among them, CPT7, SRPP5, SRPP6 and SRPP9 might play more important roles for NRB in TKS roots.
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•Morphological characteristics and changes of rubber content in during TKS root development was determined.•A total of 34,710 genes and 3,695 proteins were identified from the detected five TKS roots.•A total of 22,194 DEGs and 2,145 DAPs were identified from TKS roots at least one development stage.•The 102 NRB-related genes and proteins showed different changed patterns during development in TKS roots.•CPT7, SRPP5, SRPP6 and SRPP9 might be more important than the other members for NRB and root development in TKS.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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