Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or ...analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.
Putting concepts into context Yee, Eiling; Thompson-Schill, Sharon L.
Psychonomic bulletin & review,
08/2016, Volume:
23, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
At first glance, conceptual representations (e.g., our internal notion of the object “lemon”) seem static; we have the impression that there is something that the concept lemon “means” (a sour, ...yellow, football-shaped citrus fruit) and that this meaning does not vary. Research in semantic memory has traditionally taken this “static” perspective. Consequently, only effects demonstrated across a variety of contexts have typically been considered informative regarding the architecture of the semantic system. In this review, we take the opposite approach: We review instances of context-dependent conceptual activation at many different timescales—from long-term experience, to recent experience, to the current task goals, to the unfolding process of conceptual activation itself—and suggest that the pervasive effects of context across all of these timescales indicate that rather than being static, conceptual representations are constantly changing and are inextricably linked to their contexts.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
As has been argued elsewhere, the model of public service management (the New Public Management, or NPM) that dominated public service reform since the late 1970s to the recent past both has been a ...flawed model and has failed in practice. Its pre-occupation with linear and Fordist models of public service delivery, culled from the manufacturing and production literature, has lacked congruence with the reality of public service management in an increasingly complex, fragmented and interdependent world (Osborne, Radnor, and Nasi 2013). This failure was un-necessary and avoidable. Again, as has been argued elsewhere, an alternative body of public management research and theory is available that addresses directly the nature of ‘service’ and ‘service management’ and which leads to very different approaches to public service management. This approach has become known as public service-dominant logic (PSDL) and the SERVICE framework (Osborne et al. 2015). The intention here is to argue both for a revised conceptualization of this approach and for a shift of emphasis within this emergent paradigm – both between co-production and value (co-)creation and between the respective roles of public service organizations (PSOs), citizens and service users in these processes. Consequently, this brief essay therefore avers that ‘PSDL’ is no longer either a necessary or a sufficient term for this body of public management theory. To acknowledge its growth into a distinctive body of theoretical body, this paper therefore argues for the replacement of ‘PSDL’ by the crisper term, ‘public service logic’ (PSL). This term maintains the link to service, rather than product-based, theory but distances it from being simply an offshoot of SDL. To make this point, this paper advances the need to consider co-production and value co-creation in a distinctive way that adds to public management theory. Whilst the concept of co-creation has been considered in public management theory in recent years, the discourse has suffered from conceptual limitations. In some circumstances it has been offered as inter-changeable with co-production (Gebauer, Johnson, and Enquist 2010), whilst in others it has been limited solely to ‘the involvement of citizens in the initiation or design of public services’ (Voorberg et al. 2017, 366, my emphasis). However, this is not the case. Co-production assumes a process where the PSO is dominant and where the logic is linear and based upon product-dominant conceptions of production. Co-creationassumes an interactive and dynamic relationship where value is created at the nexus of interaction. Value for the service user and the PSO thus are created not by linear production but rather by this interaction occurring within the context of the service user’s wider life experience (Grönroos 2011). This has significant implications for how we understand the relationship between PSOs and service users in public services delivery – and for what this relationships means for the value that public services create in society.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study aims to answer the following research question: how is the resilience of firms defined in the business and management field? In doing so, we answer recent calls for research about a more ...thorough conceptualisation of the resilience of firms and its definition. We conducted a systematic literature review of 66 selected papers published between 2000 and 2017. By means of inductive content analysis, we analyse the definitions of ‘resilience’ and elaborate a novel conceptual framework that introduces a dynamic perspective on the resilience of firms. The proposed framework overcomes existing definitional fragmentation and raises awareness of the temporal dimension in the conceptualisation of the resilience of firms. We contribute to extant business and management literature on the resilience of firms by proposing a model that articulates two main paths for explaining organisational resilience, i.e. absorptive resilience and adaptive resilience paths. We also identify a set of key capabilities needed to be successfully resilient at the different stages of the two paths.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Representations of normality are central to many aspects of cognition.•Four studies explored the factors that influence normality representations.•Both descriptive and prescriptive judgments ...influenced normality representations.
People’s beliefs about normality play an important role in many aspects of cognition and life (e.g., causal cognition, linguistic semantics, cooperative behavior). But how do people determine what sorts of things are normal in the first place? Past research has studied both people’s representations of statistical norms (e.g., the average) and their representations of prescriptive norms (e.g., the ideal). Four studies suggest that people’s notion of normality incorporates both of these types of norms. In particular, people’s representations of what is normal were found to be influenced both by what they believed to be descriptively average and by what they believed to be prescriptively ideal. This is shown across three domains: people’s use of the word “normal” (Study 1), their use of gradable adjectives (Study 2), and their judgments of concept prototypicality (Study 3). A final study investigated the learning of normality for a novel category, showing that people actively combine statistical and prescriptive information they have learned into an undifferentiated notion of what is normal (Study 4). Taken together, these findings may help to explain how moral norms impact the acquisition of normality and, conversely, how normality impacts the acquisition of moral norms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
With the growing presence of algorithms and their far-reaching effects, artificial intelligence (AI) will be mainstream trends any time soon. Despite this surging popularity, little is known about ...the processes through which people perceive and make a sense of trust through algorithmic characteristics in a personalized algorithm system. This study examines the extent to which trust can be linked to how perceptions of automated personalization by AI and the processes of such perceptions influence user heuristic and systematic processes. It examines how fair, accountable, transparent, and interpretable people perceive the use of algorithmic recommendations by digital platforms. When users perceive that the algorithm is fairer, more accountable, transparent, and explainable, they see it as more trustworthy and useful. This demonstrates that trust is of particular value to users and further implies the heuristic roles of algorithmic characteristics in terms of their underlying links to trust and subsequent attitudes toward algorithmic decisions. The processes offer a useful perspective on the conceptualization of AI experience and interaction. User cognitive processes identified provide solid foundations for algorithm design and development and a stronger basis for the design of sensemaking AI services.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the strategic human resource (HR) management literature, over the past three decades, a shared consensus has developed that the focus should be on HR systems rather than individual HR practices ...because the effects of HR practices are likely to depend on the other practices within the system. Despite this agreement, the extent to which the fundamental assumption in the field of interactions and synergy in the system holds true is unclear. We present a systematic review of 495 empirical studies on 516 HR systems in which we analyze the development of HR systems research over time and identify important trends, explicitly linking conceptualization and measurement of the HR system. Our findings suggest that the increasingly broad conceptualization and measurement of HR systems and the lack of clarity on the HR systems construct at different levels have hampered research progress. Much of the research to date does not align with the fundamental assumption of synergies between HR practices in a system, the measures have problems and increasingly confound HR systems with related concepts and outcomes, and insufficient attention is paid to the HR system construct at different levels. Overall, we thus still know little about the “systems” element and how synergies and interactions in an HR system operate. We offer actionable suggestions on how to advance HR systems research towards conceptual clarity and construct refinement, focusing both on how to conceptualize, measure, and combine practices in systems and on studying such systems at different levels of analysis.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite the increasing number of publications on organizational reputation in the public administration throughout the last two decades, no systematic review has been conducted to synthesize the ...current state of the literature. This article contributes to this issue by bringing together empirical and theoretical academic research—119 articles and seven books—to analyze five critical aspects of this scholarship: conceptualization, types implemented, antecedents, outcomes, and multidimensionality. This work provides an overview of the field while identifying five critical areas for further research: reputational audiences, public leaders’ impact on reputation, development of typologies based on the characteristics of reputation, the use of standardized methods to conduct more cross‐country studies, and research on a wider variety of cultural and organizational contexts.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PRFLJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The network approach to psychopathology is becoming increasingly popular. The motivation for this approach is to provide a replacement for the problematic common cause perspective and the associated ...latent variable model, where symptoms are taken to be mere effects of a common cause (the disorder itself). The idea is that the latent variable model is plausible for medical diseases, but unrealistic for mental disorders, which should rather be conceptualized as networks of directly interacting symptoms. We argue that this rationale for the network approach is misguided. Latent variable (or common cause) models are not inherently problematic, and there is not even a clear boundary where network models end and latent variable (or common cause) models begin. We also argue that focusing on this contrast has led to an unrealistic view of testing and finding support for the network approach, as well as an oversimplified picture of the relationship between medical diseases and mental disorders. As an alternative, we point out more essential contrasts, such as the contrast between dynamic and static modeling approaches that can provide a better framework for conceptualizing mental disorders. Finally, we discuss several topics and open problems that need to be addressed in order to make the network approach more concrete and to move the field of psychological network research forward.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Morality and emotions are linked, but what is the nature of their correspondence? Many “whole number” accounts posit specific correspondences between moral content and discrete emotions, such that ...harm is linked to anger, and purity is linked to disgust. A review of the literature provides little support for these specific morality–emotion links. Moreover, any apparent specificity may arise from global features shared between morality and emotion, such as affect and conceptual content. These findings are consistent with a constructionist perspective of the mind, which argues against a whole number of discrete and domain-specific mental mechanisms underlying morality and emotion. Instead, constructionism emphasizes the flexible combination of basic and domain-general ingredients such as core affect and conceptualization in creating the experience of moral judgments and discrete emotions. The implications of constructionism in moral psychology are discussed, and we propose an experimental framework for rigorously testing morality–emotion links.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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