Prolonged solitary confinement has become a widespread and standard practice in U.S. prisons-even though it consistently drives healthy prisoners insane, makes the mentally ill sicker, and, according ...to the testimony of prisoners, threatens to reduce life to a living death. In this profoundly important and original book, Lisa Guenther examines the death-in-life experience of solitary confinement in America from the early nineteenth century to today's supermax prisons. Documenting how solitary confinement undermines prisoners' sense of identity and their ability to understand the world, Guenther demonstrates the real effects of forcibly isolating a person for weeks, months, or years. Drawing on the testimony of prisoners and the work of philosophers and social activists from Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty to Frantz Fanon and Angela Davis, the author defines solitary confinement as a kind of social death. It argues that isolation exposes the relational structure of being by showing what happens when that structure is abused-when prisoners are deprived of the concrete relations with others on which our existence as sense-making creatures depends. Solitary confinement is beyond a form of racial or political violence; it is an assault on being. A searing and unforgettable indictment, Solitary Confinement reveals what the devastation wrought by the torture of solitary confinement tells us about what it means to be human-and why humanity is so often destroyed when we separate prisoners from all other people.
Zn-based aqueous batteries (ZABs) have been regarded as promising candidates for safe and large-scale energy storage in the “post-Li” era. However, kinetics and stability problems of Zn capture ...cannot be concomitantly regulated, especially at high rates and loadings. Herein, a hierarchical confinement strategy is proposed to design zincophilic and spatial traps through a host of porous Co-embedded carbon cages (denoted as CoCC). The zincophilic Co sites act as preferred nucleation sites with low nucleation barriers (within 0.5 mA h cm–2), and the carbon cage can further spatially confine Zn deposition (within 5.0 mA h cm–2). Theoretical simulations and in situ/ex situ structural observations reveal the hierarchical spatial confinement by the elaborated all-in-one network (within 12 mA h cm–2). Consequently, the elaborate strategy enables a dendrite-free behavior with excellent kinetics (low overpotential of ca. 65 mV at a high rate of 20 mA cm–2) and stable cycle life (over 800 cycles), pushing forward the next-generation high-performance ZABs.
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Metal zinc is recognized as a promising anode candidate for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs), however, dendrites and byproducts formation severe deteriorate its reversibility and practical ...lifespan. Herein, a polydopamine (PDA) layer, which offers the dual effects of fast desolvation and ion confinement, is constructed on the surface of a Zn anode for efficient AZIBs. The abundant polar functional groups in PDA significantly enhance interfacial contact in aqueous media, which reduces the number of water molecules reaching the zinc surface through fast desolvation, thus lowering the energy barrier for Zn2+ migration. Furthermore, the porous PDA coating controls the ion flux via the ion‐confinement effect, thereby accelerating Zn2+ kinetics on the zinc surface. Consequently, Zn@PDA exhibits significantly improved Zn2+ deposition kinetics (nucleation potential of only 32.6 mV vs 50.2 mV of bare Zn) compared with bare Zn at 2.0 mA cm−2, with a dendrite‐free surface and negligible byproduct formation. When paired with a MnO2 cathode, the Zn@PDA//MnO2 cell delivers high discharge capacity and long cycle stability without significant performance deterioration over 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1. Additionally, the cell demonstrates excellent shelving‐restoring performance.
A polydopamine (PDA) layer that shows the dual effects of fast desolvation and ion confinement is constructed on the surface of a Zn anode to regulate the deposition of Zn2+, resulting in fast Zn2+ transport capability and uniformly deposited Zn layers. The cells assembled with the Zn@PDA exhibit highly reversible plating/stripping behavior and excellent long‐term stability.
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A complex interaction between turbulence driven E × B zonal flow oscillations, i.e., geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs), the turbulence, and mean equilibrium flows is observed during the low to high ...(L-H) plasma confinement mode transition in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. Below the L-H threshold at low densities a limit-cycle oscillation forms with competition between the turbulence level and the GAM flow shearing. At higher densities the cycle is diminished, while in the H mode the cycle duration becomes too short to sustain the GAM, which is replaced by large amplitude broadband flow perturbations. Initially GAM amplitude increases as the H-mode transition is approached, but is then suppressed in the H mode by enhanced mean flow shear.
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Abstract
The production of CH
3
OH from the photocatalytic CO
2
reduction reaction (PCRR) presents a promising route for the clean utilization of renewable resources, but charge recombination, an ...unsatisfying stability and a poor selectivity limit its practical application. In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of 0D/2D materials with polymeric C
3
N
4
nanosheets and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) to enhance the separation and reduce the diffusion length of charge carriers. The rapid outflow of carriers also restrains self‐corrosion and consequently enhances the stability. Furthermore, based on quantum confinement effects of the QDs, the energy of the electrons could be adjusted to a level that inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, the main competitive reaction to PCRR) and improves the selectivity and activity for CH
3
OH production from the PCRR. The band structures of photocatalysts with various CdSe particle sizes were also investigated quantitatively to establish the relationship between the band energy and the photocatalytic performance.
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Layered hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOPs) have re-emerged as potential technological solutions for next-generation photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Their two-dimensional (2D) ...nature confers them a significant flexibility and results in the appearance of quantum and dielectric confinements. Such confinements are at the origin of their fascinating properties, and understanding them from a fundamental level is of paramount importance for optimization. Here, we provide an in-depth investigation of band alignments of 2D HOP allowing access to carriers’ confinement potentials. 2D HOPs are conceptualized as composite materials in which pseudoinorganic and -organic components are defined. In this way, computational modeling of band alignments becomes affordable using first-principles methods. First, we show that the composite approach is suitable to study the position-dependent dielectric profiles and enables clear differentiation of the respective contributions of inorganic and organic components. Then we apply the composite approach to a variety of 2D HOPs, assessing the impact on the confinement potentials of well and barrier thickness, of the nature of the inorganic well, and of structural transitions. Using the deduced potentials, we further discuss the limitations of the effective mass approximation, scrutinizing the electronic properties of this family of composite materials. Our simulations demonstrate type-I dominant band alignment in 2D HOPs. Finally, we outline design principles on band alignment toward achieving specific optoelectronic properties. Thus, we present alternative theoretical methods to inspect the properties of 2D hybrid perovskites and expect that the composite approach will be applicable to other classes of layered materials.
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Abstract
Improved confinement at the low
q
95
< 3.5 operation regime with fishbone instability compared to sawtooth oscillation has been observed and investigated on the EAST under the dominant ...electron heating condition with a tungsten divertor. The formation of an internal transport barrier in the ion thermal channel strongly correlates to the excitation of the fishbone, accompanied by reduced particle outward transport in the core region identified by a central peaked density profile. Current density distribution is found to change from a monotonic shape with
q
0
< 1 during sawtooth oscillation to a central flat structure, magnetic shear
s
∼ 0 at
ρ
< 0.4, with the fishbone instability at where the higher off-axis bootstrap current fraction might play a critical role. Linear gyrokinetic simulation by NLT code was carried out to investigate the turbulent transport characteristics, which is qualitatively in good agreement with experimental measurements from CO
2
laser collective scattering diagnostics. The electron-scale trapped electron mode that dominates the turbulent transport during sawtooth is found to be stabilized with the fishbone at identical heating power and plasma configurations.
A sulfur‐rich copolymer@carbon nanotubes hybrid cathode is introduced for lithium–sulfur batteries produced by combining the physical and chemical confinement of polysulfides. The binderfree and ...metal‐current‐collector‐free cathode of dual confinement enables an efficient pathway for the fabrication of high‐performance sulfur copolymer carbon matrix electrodes for lithium–sulfur batteries.
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In this article, a strongly coupled one-component plasma (OCP), where ions interact with a background of weakly coupled electrons, is considered. The thermodynamic properties of this plasma were ...studied on the basis of three types of interaction potentials. The first potential with ionic core obtained from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">ab</tex-math> </inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">initio</tex-math> </inline-formula> simulations takes into account the effects of the bound electrons, the second is the well-known Yukawa potential, and the third is the effective potential derived by the method of dielectric response function taking into account electron screening and quantum-mechanical diffraction effect of electrons. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) were calculated for the first potential using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and were additionally compared with the RDFs obtained for all three potentials by solving the integral Ornstein-Zernike equation in the hypernetted chain (HNC) approximation and show that the use of the effective potential is not applicable at warm dense matter (WDM) conditions, when the ion core is significant.
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