Family policies to reduce conflict in work-life balance and promote gender equality advanced significantly at the legislative level in Spain in the first decades of the twenty-first century. These ...advances include the 2007 Law for Equality between Men and Women and the extension of paternity leave to 16 weeks in 2020. However, advances in care work and at the professional level have been limited. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified existing imbalances in family-work responsibilities in general and the ICT gender gap in particular. In crisis situations, women adopt the role of caregivers more easily than men, and women with fewer educational, economic, and job resources are more likely to assume this role, contributing to increasing gender inequalities at work and in the family. COVID-19 has exposed these imbalances, highlighting the need for new narratives and laws that encourage gender equality. Post-COVID-19 scenarios thus present an opportunity for reflection and progress on Spanish family policy. From this perspective, the paradigm of work-family conflict, although interesting, must be examined and resignified. This article proposes to critically resignify the paradigm of work-family conflict based on the new narrative generated by COVID-19. The present analysis suggests a resignification that should involve changing the expectations and practices around work-family balance, based on family diversity, job insecurity, the technological revolution, and new masculinities. It is proposed a prior reflection to clarify definition of the indicators and indexes that enable operationalization of the concept of work-family reconciliation. It is expected that these measures will help to facilitate practical application of reconciliation in areas such as public or/and private organizations, while also enabling international comparative analysis.
Automatic imitation, in which one person's movement is affected by the observation of another person's movements, has been widely reported. However, it remains unclear how automatic imitation changes ...over a wide age range, particularly during childhood. In this study, we examined the differences in the tendency for automatic imitation between adults and children and the cross-sectional age-related changes in children aged 5-12 years, using a stimulus-response conflict paradigm. In this task, participants perform a choice-reactive finger movement corresponding to a given response stimulus while observing another participant's compatible or incompatible movement stimuli. The tendency for automatic imitation was assessed based on the reaction time, correct rate, and inverse efficiency score. The results showed that the degree of automatic imitation was weak until the children were 7 years old. Interestingly, our results show that the tendency for automatic imitation during childhood changed to an inverted U-shape, indicating nonlinear changes in automatic imitation during childhood.
Public Significance Statement
People tend to imitate the movements of others unconsciously. This tendency is considered to be a fundamental process in learning, empathy, and other interpersonal interactions. However, it is still unclear whether automatic imitation is innate or acquired, and if acquired, at what age it appears. We examined the difference in the tendency of automatic imitation between adults and children, and developmental changes in automatic imitation in children. The tendency toward automatic imitation in children aged 5-6 years was weak. In addition, between the ages of 7 and 12 years, the tendency for automatic imitation increased gradually and then weakened, approaching the tendency in adults. These results suggest that automatic imitation undergoes nonlinear developmental changes during childhood. We interpret our results as a consequence of the interaction between the representation of others' movements and inhibitory control. Our findings have important implications for understanding the developmental process of identifying oneself and others.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Current paper examines reforms in educational systems around the world. Two main paradigms explain the growth of reforms in education systems: the balance paradigm and the conflict paradigm. By ...examining these paradigms, current paper describes the central reasons of reform failure. In parallel, the paper attempts supplying three principles for development of a successful reform in education systems. Over past hundred years, educational systems have constituted an integral part of the social services countries provide their citizens with. In addition, education is perceived as a critical variable to development of a modern economy and as a tool that promotes democratic values. This conception defines the role of a state as a protagonist that supplies a guiding hand in all matters of education. The rapid development of science and social changes challenges the system to reinvent itself in order to cope with the pace of various demands imposed on it. The question is: why are there so many attempts at educational reform and why do they fail? Reform depends on two basic organizational structures in modern society. The first is democracy, as reform is decided by people’s elected representatives, the politicians, who follow a political agenda. The second is bureaucracy, those professionals who are specialists in the field and public administrators who are responsible for execution of the reform and implementation thereof. The combination of these two structures – which pursue different agendas and interests – is a basic difficulty facing reform (Gaziel, 1997). It might be possible to execute reforms in the educational system should three principles be followed: long-term policy, clear ways of measuring success, and integration of stakeholders. The sole hope of implementing a successful educational reform, therefore, lies in establishing an administrative or political body that would deal with outlining a long-term educational policy which implementation would be immune to frequent political changes (Zohar, 2013).
This paper presents a new technique for jointly optimizing energy consumption and quality of service (QoS) in heterogeneous cellular networks employing fractional frequency reuse (FFR) in the ...macrocell tier. The proposed technique combines radio resource management (RRM) and network routing principles to produce an effective way of utilizing the spectrum. Based on a novel method of interference mapping, the RRM is invoked, in distributed or centralized manner, to allocate the resource. In the case of centralized RRM, network routing is applied to maximize spectrum utilization. It will be shown through matching mathematical analysis and computer simulations that, relative to existing well known techniques, the proposed technique offers significant QoS improvements, in terms of guaranteed data rate per user, as well as, enhancements in the overall energy efficiency of the network.
Comparative study is a most desirable way of approaching an understanding of education. The challenge is to do it in ways that are valid, persuasive, practically usable, and, above all, enlightening. ...According to Harold J Noah, comparative education has four purposes:To describe educational systems, processes, or outcomes.To assist in the development of educational institutions and practices.To highlight the relationships between education and society.To establish generalized statements about education those are valid in more than one country.
This paper seeks to introduce social research by setting out what seem to be some of the major theoretical and methodological issues raised for comparative education by the increasing prominence of the discourses of the knowledge economy, which, it is argued, represent a particularly strong version of globalization and its possible relationships to education systems, and hence an especially acute challenge to comparative education. The paper shows the diverse aspects of Comparative Education and Social Research to make comparisons across different countries or cultures.
This text philosophical analysis aims to put into
the public arena, the need to change social
paradigms, eliminating the accumulation and
hegemonic competition. Understanding this
proposal as the ...only way to approach peace as
PAX, as a result of a covenant that requires taking
the initiative of each of the actors, considering
the other as someone to trust. The pax as No
conflict , is to seek the solution of conflicts and
manage them in a way that does not harm either
himself or others. And this can only assume who
considers to another worthy brother, who is to
take care of.
El presente texto de análisis filosófico pretende
poner en la palestra pública, la necesidad de
cambiar de paradigmas sociales, eliminando el
hegemónico de la acumulación y la competencia.
Entendiendo esta propuesta como el único
camino para acercarse a La paz como PAX, como
resultado de un pacto que exige tomar la iniciativa
de cada uno de los actores, considerando al
otro como alguien en quien confiar. La pax como
Ausencia de conflictos , es buscar la solución de
los conflictos o administrarlos de tal manera que
no dañen ni a sí mismo ni a los otros. Y esto solo
puede asumirlo quien considera al otro digno,
hermano, a quien hay que cuidar.
This text philosophical analysis aims to put into
the public arena, the need to change social
paradigms, eliminating the accumulation and
hegemonic competition. Understanding this
proposal as the ...only way to approach peace as
PAX, as a result of a covenant that requires taking
the initiative of each of the actors, considering
the other as someone to trust. The pax as No
conflict , is to seek the solution of conflicts and
manage them in a way that does not harm either
himself or others. And this can only assume who
considers to another worthy brother, who is to
take care of.
El presente texto de análisis filosófico pretende
poner en la palestra pública, la necesidad de
cambiar de paradigmas sociales, eliminando el
hegemónico de la acumulación y la competencia.
Entendiendo esta propuesta como el único
camino para acercarse a La paz como PAX, como
resultado de un pacto que exige tomar la iniciativa
de cada uno de los actores, considerando al
otro como alguien en quien confiar. La pax como
Ausencia de conflictos , es buscar la solución de
los conflictos o administrarlos de tal manera que
no dañen ni a sí mismo ni a los otros. Y esto solo
puede asumirlo quien considera al otro digno,
hermano, a quien hay que cuidar.
A comparative study between two drugs acting on the GABA
A receptor, alprazolam and alpidem was undertaken, using simple tests such as measurement of spontaneous locomotor activity, four plates test ...and rotarod in mice. Additional conflict test was further performed using a new conflict paradigm where the opportunity existed for rats to choose during punished periods between immediate, punished reinforcement and delayed non-punished reinforcement. The benzodiazepine alprazolam, demonstrated, as expected, strong anxiolytic effects in mice and increased punished response in rats at non sedative doses (0.5, 1 mg/kg). High doses of alprazolam decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and induced myorelaxant effects in mice. Alpidem, an imidazopyridine derivative, induced motor impairment in mice and only very weak anxiolytic effects in the four plates test in mice (4 mg/kg) and in punished procedure in rats (32 mg/kg). As alprazolam is a full agonist for the GABA
A receptor complex and alpidem is a partial agonist acting with specificity on ω1 GABA
A receptor subtypes, the results are discussed. Activity on ω1 receptor subtypes is perhaps not sufficient in order to obtain a true anti-conflict effect and compounds such as alpidem only relieve some of the symptoms of anxiety disorders.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The performance of freely moving rats (
n=18) in a decision-making reaction time task was analyzed to provide data that can be compared with noise-compatibility paradigms previously obtained in ...humans. Rats were first trained in an auditory pitch discrimination task involving a Go/Nogo response choice. In a subsequent phase, the two tones used in the previous phase were simultaneously presented in different combinations from two locations. Only the presence of the correct tone from the correct location was predictive of the reward. The observed behavioral strategies suggest a competition between two processes: one involving stimulus evaluation, response preparation and execution, the other involving recognition of the stimulus features associated with inhibition of the Go-response. The reaction times in the most adopted strategies towards the end of the experiment suggest an effect of stimulus congruence. Perceptual processes are affected by the congruence of ‘pitch’ and ‘location’ stimulus dimensions and the duration of the response may, but need not, be affected by overlapping dimensions. The analysis of error and aborted trials also suggest that subject’s reaction and subsequent motor action may depend on whether stimulus identification processes can pass information to the response activation system prior to completion of sensory processing. The data are discussed in the framework of processing stages theory and dimensional overlap model.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
1. Recent studies have demonstrated that antidepressant drugs are actually more effective than BZ's in the treatment of anxiety states. The role of two major neurochemical substrates that may be ...implicated in the anxiolytic activity of antidepressants, the benzodiazepine (BZ)-GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex and central serotonergic pathways, are focused on in this review. 2. A wide range of antidepressants elicit a reduction in BZ receptors and display anxiolytic effects within a conflict paradigm. 3. The anxiolytic activity of antidepressants, however, does not appear to be mediated via the BZ receptor, but possibly via another component of the complex such as the chloride channel-associated with the GABAA receptor. 4. Additionally, as possible candidates for the mechanism of anxiolytic activity of these compounds, results of pharmacological, behavioral and clinical studies point to the importance of serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors and 5-HT transporter sites as targets for the action of antidepressants, triazolobenzodiazepines and anxioselective piperazine derivatives.
