Increasingly diverse community mobility now results in an increase in the need for transportation equipment, both in terms of quantity and quality, however, on the other hand the available public ...transportation facilities are far from what is expected. This encourages to be encouraged to have a private facility. Today the development of motorized vehicle use is increasing rapidly. This is because motorized vehicles have advantages compared to public transportation, for example in terms of comfort and safety when on the road. The increase in transportation needs also boosted the growth of Consumer Financing Institutions perceived by consumers as a simpler procedure compared to bank financing institutions. The agreement signed between consumers and the Consumer Financing Institution is a standard agreement, in which consumers have no right to determine the contents of the agreement. This leads to the frequent occurrence of defaults on the part of consumers, because consumers do not understand the contents of the agreement properly. Good faith is an agreement principle that can control the occurrence of agreements that tend to incriminate parties. This paper aims to reveal the role of the principle of good faith in the establishment and implementation of the Consumer Financing Agreement. The study method used is a normative and philosophical study method based on secondary data.
The practice of freedom of contract in Indonesia is remain imbalance due to unequal position of the parties. This imbalance has been used by companies to take advantages and at the same time harm ...consumers. This study aims to explain the "undue influence" doctrine in legal practice in Indonesia and its function in emphasizing the importance of the consensual principle in contracts. By using normative juridical approach based on secondary legal materials, statutory, and court decisions, and the data were collected through literature study and analyzed qualitatively. The terminology of undue influence or misbruik van omstandigheden in the Indonesian Civil Code obviously has not been regulated but has the same character as the concept of “defect of the will” as regulated in Article 1321 of the Code. The provision of “defect of the will” is an integral part of the consensual principle in Article 1320 of the Code. The function of this doctrine limits the application of the absolute principle of freedom of contract and becomes a source of law for judges in resolving contract disputes in court. In the reform of the national contract law, this doctrine should be considered to be included as an important element to complete main aspects of Article 1321 of the Code.
Purpose
Ghana has recently reviewed its renewable energy Act 835 with an objective of providing 10% of its energy from renewables by 2020 (Ackah and Asomani, 2015). Meanwhile, solar Photovoltaic (PV) ...accounts for less than 2% of the energy mix (Energy Commission, 2018). In combating environmental issues such as climate change and meeting these policy targets, there is the urgent need to increase investment into the renewable sector. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to critically examine the impeding constraints to photovoltaic investment in Ghana.
Design/methodology/approach
The Literature evaluation was carried out of critical constraints surrounding PV investments. Questionnaire was developed and administered online using Google form. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the features of each constraint. In addition, inferential analysis using relative importance index was used to rank these indicators. Again, one sample t-test was used to test the significance of the indicator. Multiple indicators were used to measure the latent constructs. Finally, independent test of mean equity was used to test relationship between the working experiences of despondence who have worked with solar PV below five years and those who worked from five years to ten years.
Findings
The research has highlights high installation and maintenance costs, lack of access to long-term capital finance, access to affordable consumer finance and lack of support to research and development as the major investment obstacles to solar PV investment in Ghana.
Research limitations/implications
It is recommended that the Government of Ghana should provide incentives such as tax waivers, which will encourage entrepreneurs, invest into PV. In addition, it is recommended that solar PV companies must collaborate with financial institutions to provide low interest and flexible consumer financing schemed that can enable home users to purchase the technology. Future research should complement this work by focusing on the impact of domestic currency volatility on PV investment. The scope of this study is constrained to the PV industry in Ghana.
Practical implications
This study will serve as a guide to the private sector business owners to help make critical PV investment decisions. It has also brought to the forefront the reason why solar PV account for a small fraction of Ghana’s energy mix.
Originality/value
This paper seeks to espouse the prevailing constraints to PV investment in Ghana and seeks to contribute to already existing literature that will make profound changes in state policy around PV investment. By understanding these difficulties, driving pointers can be recognized to encourage effective future venture inside the sustainable power source area. In this way, the research leads to a better understanding of the impeding factors that hinders PV investment in Ghana. Again, the paper has achieved new discovery with regards to variations between years of experience with PV use. The variation being less than five years with over five years of PV use. By understanding these difficulties, driving pointers can be recognized to invigorate effective future ventures.
Recently, online dominant retailers have provided installment sales (IS) to their consumers to alleviate their financing pressure. Meanwhile, the upstream suppliers need financing to fulfill the ...procurement from their retailers. In this paper, we consider an online dominant retailer as an intermediation, that helps her suppliers get financing from banks, and provides installment payments to consumers simultaneously. In particular, we describe customer's willingness to buy through both consumer's preserved value and income level. By constructing game-theoretical models, we discuss the equilibrium strategies of both commercial loan only scheme(CL) and commercial loan with installment payment scheme. Under information asymmetry between supplier and bank, we find that the interest rate of the supplier's loan decision under CL will be higher than the risk-free interest rate. The retailer under CL will offer a higher wholesale price with IS than without IS due to larger sales under IS. Numerical experiment shows installment payments mode can improve supply chain performance by increasing both supplier's and retailer's profit. And the retailer's profit distribution growth from IS is far greater than that of the supplier.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The economy of Indonesia has been growing by leap and bound, and large portion of the population are shifting from lower-class consumer into the middle-class and affluent consumer socioeconomic ...category. That condition increases the purchasing power of middle-class consumer over the goods, including automotive products. In consequence, all of automotive products sales have increased significantly from 2009 until 2013. The raising number of automotive products sales in Indonesia was followed by the growth of consumer financing. From 2009 until 2013, 26 new business licenses have been established. As competition in the financing industry is getting tight, the financing companies have to conduct some efforts in order to retain its customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is important for business sustainability. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) approach are applied to find factors affecting customer loyalty. Consumer's concern based on aspirations and complaints were then identified by using text-mining. SOM will cluster the aspirations and complaints of the customers into several groups. Consumer satisfaction affects customer loyalty and it also directly affected by consumer perceived value. The contribution of this research is combining structural equation modeling with text mining.
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