The development of information technology has now changed people's lifestyles, including in transportation. Various transportation developments both online and in person. Many people live a luxurious ...lifestyle to show that they have a different class but not everyone can meet these needs because of expensive prices and car maintenance. So many rental car rentals, but it is very unfortunate that in practice rental services are targets or targets of crime by people. irresponsible. This is marked by the frequent occurrence and criminal acts of car fraud or embezzlement committed by users of car rental services. Embezzlement is someone who abuses rights or abuses trust where the trust is obtained without any elements against the law. Car embezzlement is one of them. an unlawful act that may be subject to a criminal offense. The case occurred in the Cerme sub-district, Gresik district, in the ALIF TRANS car rental, in the agreement the tenant rented for 1 month but after one month the car was not returned, it turned out that the car was pawned on the other side. This is a violation of criminal law. This crime is an unlawful act committed by tricking or hiding a rented car from the owner. In this article, we will explain the articles in the Criminal Code that can be applied in cases of embezzlement of rental cars, such as Articles 372, 1548, and CHAPTER XXVI. The method used in this study uses a type of normative juridical research, namely research according to the book of laws Criminal Code. There is a need for a policy approach that must be taken, namely a combination of efforts to deal with crime with a penalty (after it has occurred) and (before it has occurred). Penal efforts or criminal policies are divided into penal efforts and non-penal efforts, penal efforts are efforts that are repressive after a crime has occurred, while non-penal efforts are crime prevention efforts that focus more on preventive efforts.
Criminological theory developed without an expectation of a victim–offender overlap. Among most crime theorists and policymakers, to solve crime it is necessary to solve the criminal offender. Modern ...choice theories took a different view by evolving from victim data, treating target vulnerability as essential to the criminal act and with full awareness of the overlap. Here, we discuss the emphasis on offenders in criminology as being inconsistent with the facts of the overlap. The evidence shows that the victim–offender overlap is consistently found, implying that offending and victimization arise for similar substantive reasons and that offenders act principally in response to targets. This conclusion has important implications. First, any theory of crime that cannot logically predict the overlap as a fact may be subject to falsification. Second, the choice perspective suggests a theory of precautionary behavior, which urges a policy agenda that encourages actions against crime by potential targets.
Burglary offenses, especially domestic burglaries, have increasingly been the focus of public interest in recent years. This area of crime is essential for the public's sense of security and thus ...also for crime policy. The tightening of penalties for domestic burglary enacted by the legislature in 2017 has been the subject of widespread discussion in criminal policy and criminal law dogmatics. This study addresses the offense area of burglary from an empirical perspective, the sanctioning of offenders as well as their criminal history and recidivism by evaluating a nationwide dataset from the Federal Central Register. Using the underlying data material, the criminal careers of burglars are also analyzed prospectively over a nine-year recidivism period and - if no redemptions were made - retrospectively over an indefinite period.
As the Pendulum Swings? Bisharat, George
Revista de Estudos Empíricos em Direito,
08/2023, Volume:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article reviews recent oscillations in crime policy in the City and County of San Francisco, California, particularly as represented in the 2019 election of Chesa Boudin as District Attorney, ...followed in 2022 by his recall and removal from office. Boudin had run as a progressive prosecutor, promising fundamental reforms to local crime policy, so the question arises: what, if anything, does his recall just over halfway through his 4-year term of office indicate for the future of progressive prosecution in San Francisco, but equally importantly, throughout the United States? We believe the recall does not signify a broad public retreat from progressive prosecution, which still enjoys wide support in many locales throughout the country, but instead reflects mostly singular characteristics of the San Francisco political system coupled with unique impacts of the COVID pandemic. Still, it represents one variant of the fierce organized opposition that progressive prosecution has engendered everywhere it has been implemented, and therefore, may offer lessons for how to forge ahead with reform measures against determined political resistance.
As the Pendulum Swings? George Bisharat
Revista de Estudos Empíricos em Direito,
08/2023, Volume:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This article reviews recent oscillations in crime policy in the City and County of San Francisco, California, particularly as represented in the 2019 election of Chesa Boudin as District Attorney, ...followed in 2022 by his recall and removal from office. Boudin had run as a progressive prosecutor, promising fundamental reforms to local crime policy, so the question arises: what, if anything, does his recall just over halfway through his 4-year term of office indicate for the future of progressive prosecution in San Francisco, but equally importantly, throughout the United States? We believe the recall does not signify a broad public retreat from progressive prosecution, which still enjoys wide support in many locales throughout the country, but instead reflects mostly singular characteristics of the San Francisco political system coupled with unique impacts of the COVID pandemic. Still, it represents one variant of the fierce organized opposition that progressive prosecution has engendered everywhere it has been implemented, and therefore, may offer lessons for how to forge ahead with reform measures against determined political resistance.
Using the method of difference-in-difference (DD), we estimate the average impact on the homicide rate of a Curfew for Juveniles (CFJ) that was implemented (in 2012) in some communes of Cali ...(Colombia), one of the most violent cities in the world. We find that the policy did not cause a negative effect on the homicide rate contrary to the objective of the policy. This result is robust to different sample specifications defined to capture local effects —continuous (spillovers) or discontinuous—, and biases in the policy design. We study DD with heterogeneous effects in which neighborhoods that had the presence of higher socioeconomic income did reduce the homicide rate even though the average net effect for these types of neighborhoods was not different from zero. We also find that the CFJ neutralized the effects of other public complementary interventions. We rationalize the results using the economics of crime framework, where we discuss the possible incentives a CFJ could generate for delinquents as well as non-delinquents that explains some failures of the policy in its design.
Sex offender recidivism (SOR) has been the subject of research for over 70 years. Myths, misconceptions, and erroneous conclusions about SOR, however, remain widespread, impeding the development of ...evidence-based policies aimed at preventing sexual offenses. To address the rich but uneven literature, a comprehensive review was conducted making it possible to provide a contextualized overview of scientific knowledge against the backdrop of methodological issues, challenges, and shortcomings. Over the years, researchers have been asked to provide a simple answer to a seemingly simple question: what are the recidivism rates for sexual offending? In response, the field has produced a wide range of findings making it difficult to draw firm conclusions, leaving room for interpretation and personal biases. The variations in recidivism rates are attributable to offender and methodological characteristics, both of which are embedded in a particular sociolegal context. As a result, the base rate of SOR is more effectively considered in terms of a series of questions that should include the type of recidivism, with whom, over what period, and in what context. Issues and debates that have marked the field and fueled its growth are highlighted. Research innovations and important areas of research are also discussed.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, we review and analyze the criminal justice-related decisions of the 2022 term of the United States Supreme Court. We also provide a summary of the Court's voting patterns and opinion ...authorship. Fourteen of the Court's 58 decisions touched on criminal justice. There were significant decisions involving the First Amendment, the Sixth Amendment, and federal criminal statutes. Each of these is discussed in turn.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article combines insights from historical research and quantitative analyses that have attempted to explain changes in incarceration rates in the United States. We use state‐level decennial data ...from 1970 to 2010 (N = 250) to test whether recent theoretical models derived from historical research that emphasize the importance of specific historical periods in shaping the relative importance of certain social and political factors explain imprisonment. Also drawing on historical work, we examine how these key determinants differed in Sunbelt states, that is, the states stretching across the nation's South from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific, from the rest of the nation. Our findings suggest that the relative contributions of violent crime, minority composition, political ideology, and partisanship to imprisonment vary over time. We also extend our analysis beyond mass incarceration's rise to analyze how factors associated with prison expansion can explain its stabilization and contraction in the early twenty‐first century. Our findings suggest that most of the factors that best explained state incarceration rates in the prison boom era lost power once imprisonment stabilized and declined. We find considerable support for the importance of historical contingencies in shaping state‐level imprisonment trends, and our findings highlight the enduring importance of race in explaining incarceration.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PRFLJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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