Cross‐country skiing causes strain in the airways because skiers train and compete in cold air. The aim of this survey was to investigate the prevalence and age at onset of asthma, asthma control, ...and use of asthma medication in Finnish competitive cross‐country skiers. All cross‐country skiers who were enrolled in the largest national competitions in winter 2019 (n = 1282) were invited to the study via the Finnish Ski Association. A control group (n = 1733) was matched for the responding skiers by age, gender, and region. The response rate was 27.4% (n = 351) for skiers and 19.5% (n = 338) for the controls. The prevalence of asthma was 25.9% in skiers and 9.2% in the controls (p < 0.001). Median (IQR) age at first asthma‐related symptoms was higher in skiers than in the controls (13.0 (8.25–16.0) vs. 8.0 (2.25–11.75) years, p < 0.001), and the difference in asthma prevalence was evident only after the start of skiing career. Median (IQR) Asthma Control Test (ACT) score in skiers and controls with asthma was 22.0 (21–24) vs. 22.0 (19–24) (p = 0.611), and 89.0% of skiers and 77.4% of controls had well‐controlled asthma (ACT score ≥20). In skiers with asthma, 82.4% used regular inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), and 80.2% used bronchodilators. A fixed combination of ICS +long‐acting β2‐agonist was regularly used by 47.3% of the skiers and 22.6% of the controls with asthma (p = 0.016). In conclusion, asthma prevalence is about 2.5 times higher, and age at onset of asthma is later in skiers compared with the controls. Asthma in cross‐country skiers is mostly well controlled and on regular maintenance treatment.
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BFBNIB, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Little is known about the true extent and severity of overuse injuries in sport, largely because of methodological challenges involved in recording them. This study assessed the prevalence of overuse ...injuries among Norwegian athletes from five sports using a newly developed method designed specifically for this purpose. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire was distributed weekly by e‐mail to 45 cross‐country skiers, 98 cyclists, 50 floorball players, 55 handball players, and 65 volleyball players for 13 weeks. The prevalence of overuse problems at the shoulder, lower back, knee, and anterior thigh was monitored throughout the study and summary measures of an injury severity score derived from athletes' questionnaire responses were used to gauge the relative impact of overuse problems in each area. The area where overuse injuries had the greatest impact was the knee in volleyball where, on average, 36% of players had some form of complaint (95% CI 32–39%). Other prevalent areas included the shoulder in handball (22%, 95% CI 16–27%) the knee in cycling (23%, 95% CI 17–28%), and the knee and lower back in floorball (27%, 95% CI 24–31% and 29%, 95% CI 25–33%, respectively).
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BFBNIB, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose
To compare performance, physiological and biomechanical responses between double poling (DP) and diagonal stride (DIA) during treadmill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers.
...Method
Twelve skiers (
V
O
2peak
DIA
up
; 74.7 ± 3.7 ml kg
−1
min
−1
) performed two DP conditions at 1° (DP
flat
) and 8° (DP
up
) incline, and one DIA condition, 8° (DIA
up
). Submaximal gross efficiency (GE) and maximal 3.5 min time-trial (TT) performance, including measurements of
V
O
2peak
and maximal accumulated O
2
-deficit (MAOD), were determined. Temporal patterns and kinematics were assessed using 2D video, while pole kinetics were obtained from pole force.
Results
DIA
up
induced (mean, 95% confidence interval) 13% 4, 22 better 3.5-min TT performance, 7%, 5, 10) higher
V
O
2peak
and 3% points 1, 5 higher GE compared to DP
up
(all
P
< 0.05). DP
up
induced 120% higher MAOD compared to DP
flat
, while no significant differences were observed for
V
O
2peak
or GE between DP
flat
and DP
up
. There was a large correlation between performance and GE in DP and a large correlation between performance and
V
O
2peak
for DIA
up
(all
r
= 0.7–0.8,
P
< 0.05). No correlations were found between performance and VO
2peak
for any of the DP conditions, nor between performance and GE for DIA
up
(
r
= 0.0–0.2,
P
> 0.1).
Conclusion
At 8º uphill roller skiing, DIA
up
induce higher
V
O
2peak
, GE, and superior time-trial performance than DP
up
in elite male skiers. There was no difference between
V
O
2peak
or GE between DP
flat
and DP
up
. A large correlation was observed between DIA
up
performance and DIA
up
V
O
2peak
, while DP performance was best correlated to submaximal GE.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We investigated the effects of adding heavy strength training to a high volume of endurance training on performance and related physiological determinants in junior female cross‐country skiers. ...Sixteen well‐trained athletes (17 ± 1 years, 60 ± 6 kg, 169 ± 6 cm, VO2max running: 60 ± 5 mL/kg/min) were assigned either to an intervention group (INT; n = 9) or a control group (CON; n = 7). INT completed two weekly sessions of upper body heavy strength training in a linear periodized fashion for 10 weeks. Both groups continued their normal aerobic endurance and muscular endurance training. One repetition maximum in seated pull‐down increased significantly more in INT than in CON, with a group difference of 15 ± 8% (P < 0.01). Performance, expressed as average power output on a double poling ergometer over 20 s and as 3 min with maximal effort in both rested (sprint‐test) and fatigued states (finishing‐test), showed similar changes in both groups. Submaximal O2‐cost and VO2peak in double poling showed similar changes or were unchanged in both groups. In conclusion, 10 weeks of heavy strength training increased upper body strength but had trivial effects on performance in a double poling ergometer in junior female cross‐country skiers.
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BFBNIB, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Greater gender differences have been found in exercise modes where the upper body is involved. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of poling on gender differences in endurance ...performance by elite cross‐country skiers. Initially, the performance of eight male and eight female sprint skiers was compared during four different types of exercise involving different degrees of poling: double poling (DP), G3 skating, and diagonal stride (DIA) techniques during treadmill roller skiing, and treadmill running (RUN). Thereafter, DP was examined for physiological and kinematic parameters. The relative gender differences associated with the DP, G3, DIA and RUN performances were approximately 20%, 17%, 14%, and 12%, respectively. Thus, the type of exercise exerted an overall effect on the relative gender differences (P < 0.05). In connection with DP, the men achieved 63%, 16%, and 8% higher VO2peak than the women in absolute terms and with normalization for total and fat‐free body mass (all P < 0.05). The DP VO2peak in percentage of VO2max in RUN was higher in men (P < 0.05). The gender difference in DP peak cycle length was 23% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrates that the gender difference in performance by elite sprint skiers is enhanced when the contribution from poling increases.
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BFBNIB, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate how rifle carriage and skiing speed during biathlon roller skiing affect range of motion (ROM) in joint angles and equipment (skis and poles), the vertical ...distance between shoulders and treadmill (vertdist), as well as possible sex differences associated with rifle carriage.
Methods
Fourteen biathletes (6 women, 8 men) roller‐skied on a treadmill at submaximal and simulated race speeds, with (WR) and without (NR) a rifle, using gears 3 and 2. Kinematical data for the whole body, poles, roller‐skis, rifle, and treadmill were monitored using a 3D motion capture system. Movements determined as flexion/extension (x), abduction/adduction (y), and/or internal/external rotation (z) were analyzed for the hip, shoulder, thorax, knee, ankle, elbow, poles, and roller skis. ROM (the difference between maximal and minimal angles) in joints and equipment, and vertdist were analyzed over six skiing cycles during each condition (WR and NR) and speed.
Results
The maximal vertdist was lower for WR compared with NR (gear 3: 1.53 ± 0.06 vs 1.54 ± 0.06 m; gear 2: 1.49 ± 0.06 vs 1.51 ± 0.06 m; both p < 0.001). ROM in the upper body was altered when roller skiing WR (movements decreased in thorax and shoulder (x) and increased in elbow (only gear 3) (x), thorax (only gear 2), and shoulder (y) and (z); all p < 0.05) and increased with speed, without differences between sexes (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
Since rifle carriage and speed appear to affect the kinematics of roller skiing, coaches, and biathletes are advised to perform skiing technique training under competition‐like conditions (i.e., at race speeds while carrying the rifle).
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BFBNIB, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This study aimed to: (i) analyze the load characteristics of 4 weeks cross-country skiing altitude training; (ii) analyze the relationships between methods of monitoring training load and ...physiological indicators changes of elite male Chinese cross-country skiers during this period. Practitioners collected load data during 4 weeks of altitude training camp. Participants performed maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, body composition, and skierg power test before and after the training camp to investigate the changes in physiological performance. Edwards TRIMP, Lucia TRIMP, and session rating of perceived exertion were collected as internal load. Training distance, time recorded by the Catapult module were collected as external load. The result revealed a " pyramid " pattern in the load characteristics during the altitude training camp. The correlation between luTRIMP and percent change in physiological indicators was highest. Percentage changes in lactate threshold velocity (r = .78 95% CI -.01 to .98), percentage changes in lactate threshold HR (r = .71 95% CI .14- .99), percentage changes in maximum HR (r = .83 95% CI .19-1.00), percentage changes in skierg power-to-weight ratio (r = .75 95% CI -.28 to .98) had very large relationships with luTRIMP. In cross-country skiing altitude training, training loads should be reasonably controlled to ensure that athletes do not become overly fatigued. Methods of training load monitoring that combine with athletes' physiological characteristics and program characteristics have the highest dose-response relationships, it is an important aspect of cross-country ski training load monitoring. The luTRIMP could be a good monitoring tool in cross-country skiing altitude training.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose
To investigate whether 4 weeks of normobaric “live high–train low and high” (LHTLH) causes different hematological, cardiorespiratory, and sea‐level performance changes compared to living and ...training in normoxia during a preparation season.
Methods
Nineteen (13 women, 6 men) cross‐country skiers competing at the national or international level completed a 28‐day period (∼18 h day−1) of LHTLH in normobaric hypoxia of ∼2400 m (LHTLH group) including two 1 h low‐intensity training sessions per week in normobaric hypoxia of 2500 m while continuing their normal training program in normoxia. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was assessed using a carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Time to exhaustion (TTE) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured using an incremental treadmill test. Measurements were completed at baseline and within 3 days after LHTLH. The control group skiers (CON) (seven women, eight men) performed the same tests while living and training in normoxia with ∼4 weeks between the tests.
Results
Hbmass in LHTLH increased 4.2 ± 1.7% from 772 ± 213 g (11.7 ± 1.4 g kg−1) to 805 ± 226 g (12.5 ± 1.6 g kg−1) (p < 0.001) while it was unchanged in CON (p = 0.21). TTE improved during the study regardless of the group (3.3 ± 3.4% in LHTLH; 4.3 ± 4.8% in CON, p < 0.001). VO2max did not increase in LHTLH (61.2 ± 8.7 mL kg−1 min−1 vs. 62.1 ± 7.6 mL kg−1 min−1, p = 0.36) while a significant increase was detected in CON (61.3 ± 8.0–64.0 ± 8.1 mL kg−1 min−1, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Four‐week normobaric LHTLH was beneficial for increasing Hbmass but did not support the short‐term development of maximal endurance performance and VO2max when compared to the athletes who lived and trained in normoxia.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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